View source for History of the Muslim Peoples & Islamic Culture in Japan (1700—Present)

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The history of Muslims in Japan in somewhat recent, with the Japanese only having first documented Islam in the 1700s, with the actual history possibly stretching back even further, possibly from trade. Today however, Japanese Muslims are well established, numbering somewhere between 70,000—120,000; with approximately 10% being native. Additionally, there are some two hundred established mosques and masullahs; with the very first being constructed in 1905; but which has not unfortunately survived up to the present day. Outside of Japan, Muslim countries heavily trade with the country, with bilateral trade standing at some $300 billion dollars; larger even than Japan's trade with the United States, which hovers at around $200 billion dollars. In Japanese society, Muslims also face institutionalised racism; with a significant violations in privacy and surveillance, despite the biggest domestic threat facing Japan being Buddhist terrorism. Muslims do face stereotypes as foreigners, bearded rather than religious and other such notions. In total, Islam in Japan has over three centuries worth of history, with the earliest Muslim settlers believed to have worked in the cities of Yokohama and Kobe during the reign of the Meiji (1868—1890); these settlers being Indian and Malay sailors.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/>
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|First Documentation || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|1712
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|First_Diplomatic_Contact || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|September 16th, 1890
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|Number of Mosques || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|200 (est. 1905)
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|Number of Communities || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|60 (20 are native)
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|Japanese Muslims || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"| ~7,000—12,000
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Foreign Muslims || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| ~70,000—120,000
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Imports (to Japan) || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| $219.06 billion dollars 
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Exports (Islamic World) || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| $70.4 billion dollars
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Total Bilateral Trade || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| $289.46_billion_dollars
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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding=5 style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 10px; <!--
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|First Documentation || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|1712
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|First_Diplomatic_Contact || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|September 16th, 1890
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|Number of Mosques || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|200 (est. 1905)
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|Number of Communities || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"|60 (20 are native)
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF; width:100%;"|Japanese Muslims || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;"| ~7,000—12,000
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Foreign Muslims || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| ~70,000—120,000
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Imports (to Japan) || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| $219.06 billion dollars 
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Exports (Islamic World) || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| $70.4 billion dollars
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| style="background:#000000;color:#8ACCFF"|Total Bilateral Trade || style="background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000"| $289.46_billion_dollars
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The history of Muslims in Japan in somewhat recent, with the Japanese only having first documented Islam in the 1700s, with the actual history possibly stretching back even further, possibly from trade. Today however, Japanese Muslims are well established, numbering somewhere between 70,000—120,000; with approximately 10% being native. Additionally, there are some two hundred established mosques and masullahs; with the very first being constructed in 1905; but which has not unfortunately survived up to the present day. Outside of Japan, Muslim countries heavily trade with the country, with bilateral trade standing at some $300 billion dollars; larger even than Japan's trade with the United States, which hovers at around $200 billion dollars. In Japanese society, Muslims also face institutionalised racism; with a significant violations in privacy and surveillance, despite the biggest domestic threat facing Japan being Buddhist terrorism. Muslims do face stereotypes as foreigners, bearded rather than religious and other such notions. In total, Islam in Japan has over three centuries worth of history, with the earliest Muslim settlers believed to have worked in the cities of Yokohama and Kobe during the reign of the Meiji (1868—1890); these settlers being Indian and Malay sailors.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/>
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==HISTORY==
===Middle Ages===
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|[[File:Meccan or Muhammad.jpg|thumb|center|120px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Japanese portrait; Meccan (1712).<ref name="GruberShalem2014p.305">Christiane J. Gruber; Avinoam Shalem (24 October 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eGznBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=Arai+Hakuseki+Islam&source=bl&ots=6_BxgK1mBM&sig=taBwzf1Fj6gjRaZDgMLYTyKafw4&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arai%20Hakuseki%20Islam&f=false The Image of the Prophet between Ideal and Ideology: A Scholarly Investigation]''. De Gruyter. pp. 302–. ISBN 978-3-11-031254-6.</ref></div>]]
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">1700—1900:—</small> Historically, contact between the Japanese and Muslim peoples was extremely rare, both during medieval and imperial Japan. In medieval times the first and only taste the Japanese had had of Islam was in 1715 (although the earliest depiction of a Meccan, possibly of Muhammad himself, was in 1712 in the ''"Wakan Sansai Zue (和漢三才図会)"''<ref name="GruberShalem2014p.305"/>), when a native Japanese, Arai Hakuseki, published his book, ''"Tidings From the West"'' in 1715, or by ''"Seiyo Kibun"'' (西洋紀聞), who first described Islam.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014).">Hans Martin Krämer (2014). ''[http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/zo/japanologie/institut/mitarbeiter/kraemer_quran-japan_jas_73__2014_.pdf Pan-Asianism's Religious Undercurrents: The Reception of Islam and Translation of the Qur'ān in TwentiethCentury Japan]''. The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 73, No. 3 (August) 2014: 619–640. The Association for Asian Studies, Inc., (2014) doi:10.1017/S0021911814000989. p. 621-622. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Hakuseki's book was unfortunately coloured by the perceptions of an Italian priest who had illegally entered Japan.<ref name="GruberShalem2014">Christiane J. Gruber; Avinoam Shalem (24 October 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eGznBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=Arai+Hakuseki+Islam&source=bl&ots=6_BxgK1mBM&sig=taBwzf1Fj6gjRaZDgMLYTyKafw4&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arai%20Hakuseki%20Islam&f=false The Image of the Prophet between Ideal and Ideology: A Scholarly Investigation]''. De Gruyter. pp. 302-. ISBN 978-3-11-031254-6.</ref> Additionally, in 1876 a polemical book by Humphrey Prideuax, titled the ''"Life of Mohamet (1697)"'', had been translated sometime later further reinforcing these negative perceptions.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> Any sort of original biographies by the native Japanese would not be published until 1899 (see Sakamoto Ken’ichi 坂本健; who's main biographies again, stemmed from European stereotypes and Muslim beliefs) and 1905; which was quickly followed by academic works on the Qur'an, and then the first monograph in 1918.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> Ken’ichi 坂本健 was also the first person to translate the Qur'an, doing so in 1920 (which again unfortunately came from spurious European sources).<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> Ken’ichi also, rather unusally, changed the meanings of some words from the book in order to fit Japanese cultural norms, such as translating the Arabic term for ''"rabb"'' (or ''"lord"'') into jo¯tei 上帝 (''“Emperor”'').<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> The word Kami (神; meaning God) is also used to refer to ''"Allah"''.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Battleship Ertugrul:—</small> The first proper diplomatic contact came in late 19th Century when a Turkish naval ship (the ''"Ertugrul Firkateyni"''), sailed on an eleven month journey carrying gifts for the Japanese emperor. It had been sent by the Ottoman Sultan, Abdulhamid II.<ref name="124anni"/> After it's mission was complete, the ship was violently torn apart and sunk in Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture on September 16th, 1890 in a tragedy still remembered today.<ref name="124anni">''[http://www.worldbulletin.net/today-in-history/144490/japan-remembers-tragic-sinking-of-ottoman-ship Japan remembers tragic sinking of Ottoman ship]''. 16 September 2014. World Bulletin. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="waka">''[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pacific-giving-up-coins-from-ottoman-wreck-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=78162&NewsCatID=375 Pacific giving up coins from Ottoman wreck]''. February 11, 2015. Hurriyet Daily News (originally from Doğan News Agency). Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> It was intending on making it's return when an unexpected storm overpowered it.<ref name="124anni"/> Not a single sailor survived the tragedy, with the 533<ref name="533sailors">''[http://arts-entertainment.bgnnews.com/exhibit-of-ottoman-ship-historically-aided-japan-starts-in-istanbul-haberi/4962 Exhibit of Ottoman ship historically aided Japan starts in Istanbul]''. April 9, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref>—600<ref name="TurkeyJapanComm2015">''[http://world.bgnnews.com/turkey-japan-commemorate-ottoman-ships-1890-journey-in-kushimoto-haberi/6531 Turkey and Japan commemorate Ottoman ship’s 1890 journey to Kushimoto]''. June 4, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="sailors580">''[http://national.bgnnews.com/turkish-ship-arrives-in-philippines-to-commemorate-sunken-ottoman-vessel-haberi/6857 Turkish ship arrives in Philippines to commemorate sunken Ottoman vessel]''. June 15, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> strong crew all having drowned.<ref name="124anni"/> The incident was commemorated by the Japanese 124 years later in 2014.<ref name="124anni"/> On the 125th anniversary the Turkish navy launched plans on sending another, the ''"Salih Reis"'', on the very same journey in memoriam, having set sail in June 2015.<ref name="124anni"/> In April of the the same year around 500 of 7,550<ref name="waka"/>—8,300 catalogued artefacts were salvaged (which intriguingly included gold, silver and bronze Ottoman coins).<ref name="waka"/> Efforts were started in 2007<ref name="waka"/> by Tufan Turanlı, with the entire shipwreck eventually, and finally, making it's way back home in 2015. The Underwater Archaeology Institute (UAI), situated in the province of Muğla’s Bodrum, was responsible for such a feat.<ref name="533sailors"/><ref group="n.">The Bodrum UAI have already conducted conservation and restoration efforts "on thousands of years of sunken wrecks in the Aegean and Mediterranean".
#''[http://arts-entertainment.bgnnews.com/exhibit-of-ottoman-ship-historically-aided-japan-starts-in-istanbul-haberi/4962 Exhibit of Ottoman ship historically aided Japan starts in Istanbul]''. April 9, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> When it was placed on exhibition in 2015, the ship was seen by both the commander of the Turkish Naval Forces, Admiral Bülent Bostanoğlu and the Japanese Ambassador to Ankara, Yutaka Yokoi.<ref name="533sailors"/> The tragedy however left an intriguing legacy, ushering in more than a century of friendship between Japan and Turkey.<ref name="TurkeyJapanComm2015"/><ref name="Niki Gamm (September 13, 2014)."/>
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||[[File:N 71633 1.jpg|thumb|center|150px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Ertugrul sank in Kushimoto (1890).<ref name="Niki Gamm (September 13, 2014).">Niki Gamm (September 13, 2014). ''[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/boat-sinking-deepened-japanese-ottoman-relations.aspx?pageID=238&nID=71633&NewsCatID=438 Boat sinking deepened Japanese-Ottoman relations]''. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref></div>]]
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[[File:Meccan or Muhammad.jpg|thumb|left|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Japanese portrait; Meccan (1712).<ref name="GruberShalem2014p.305"/></div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">1700—1900:—</small> Historically, contact between the Japanese and Muslim peoples was extremely rare, both during medieval and imperial Japan. In medieval times the first and only taste the Japanese had had of Islam was in 1715 (although the earliest depiction of a Meccan, possibly of Muhammad himself, was in 1712 in the ''"Wakan Sansai Zue (和漢三才図会)"''<ref name="GruberShalem2014p.305"/>), when a native Japanese, Arai Hakuseki, published his book, ''"Tidings From the West"'' in 1715, or by ''"Seiyo Kibun"'' (西洋紀聞), who first described Islam.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014).">Hans Martin Krämer (2014). ''[http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/md/zo/japanologie/institut/mitarbeiter/kraemer_quran-japan_jas_73__2014_.pdf Pan-Asianism's Religious Undercurrents: The Reception of Islam and Translation of the Qur'ān in TwentiethCentury Japan]''. The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 73, No. 3 (August) 2014: 619–640. The Association for Asian Studies, Inc., (2014) doi:10.1017/S0021911814000989. p. 621-622. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Hakuseki's book was unfortunately coloured by the perceptions of an Italian priest who had illegally entered Japan.<ref name="GruberShalem2014">Christiane J. Gruber; Avinoam Shalem (24 October 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eGznBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302&lpg=PA302&dq=Arai+Hakuseki+Islam&source=bl&ots=6_BxgK1mBM&sig=taBwzf1Fj6gjRaZDgMLYTyKafw4&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Arai%20Hakuseki%20Islam&f=false The Image of the Prophet between Ideal and Ideology: A Scholarly Investigation]''. De Gruyter. pp. 302-. ISBN 978-3-11-031254-6.</ref> Additionally, in 1876 a polemical book by Humphrey Prideuax, titled the ''"Life of Mohamet (1697)"'', had been translated sometime later further reinforcing these negative perceptions.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> Any sort of original biographies by the native Japanese would not be published until 1899 (see Sakamoto Ken’ichi 坂本健; who's main biographies again, stemmed from European stereotypes and Muslim beliefs) and 1905; which was quickly followed by academic works on the Qur'an, and then the first monograph in 1918.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> Ken’ichi 坂本健 was also the first person to translate the Qur'an, doing so in 1920 (which again unfortunately came from spurious European sources).<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> Ken’ichi also, rather unusally, changed the meanings of some words from the book in order to fit Japanese cultural norms, such as translating the Arabic term for ''"rabb"'' (or ''"lord"'') into jo¯tei 上帝 (''“Emperor”'').<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/> The word Kami (神; meaning God) is also used to refer to ''"Allah"''.<ref name="Hans Martin Krämer (2014)."/>
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[[File:N 71633 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Ertugrul sank in Kushimoto (1890).<ref name="Niki Gamm (September 13, 2014).">Niki Gamm (September 13, 2014). ''[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/boat-sinking-deepened-japanese-ottoman-relations.aspx?pageID=238&nID=71633&NewsCatID=438 Boat sinking deepened Japanese-Ottoman relations]''. Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref></div>]]

<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;">
<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Battleship Ertugrul:—</small> The first proper diplomatic contact came in late 19th Century when a Turkish naval ship (the ''"Ertugrul Firkateyni"''), sailed on an eleven month journey carrying gifts for the Japanese emperor. It had been sent by the Ottoman Sultan, Abdulhamid II.<ref name="124anni"/> After it's mission was complete, the ship was violently torn apart and sunk in Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture on September 16th, 1890 in a tragedy still remembered today.<ref name="124anni">''[http://www.worldbulletin.net/today-in-history/144490/japan-remembers-tragic-sinking-of-ottoman-ship Japan remembers tragic sinking of Ottoman ship]''. 16 September 2014. World Bulletin. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="waka">''[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pacific-giving-up-coins-from-ottoman-wreck-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=78162&NewsCatID=375 Pacific giving up coins from Ottoman wreck]''. February 11, 2015. Hurriyet Daily News (originally from Doğan News Agency). Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> It was intending on making it's return when an unexpected storm overpowered it.<ref name="124anni"/> Not a single sailor survived the tragedy, with the 533<ref name="533sailors">''[http://arts-entertainment.bgnnews.com/exhibit-of-ottoman-ship-historically-aided-japan-starts-in-istanbul-haberi/4962 Exhibit of Ottoman ship historically aided Japan starts in Istanbul]''. April 9, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref>—600<ref name="TurkeyJapanComm2015">''[http://world.bgnnews.com/turkey-japan-commemorate-ottoman-ships-1890-journey-in-kushimoto-haberi/6531 Turkey and Japan commemorate Ottoman ship’s 1890 journey to Kushimoto]''. June 4, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="sailors580">''[http://national.bgnnews.com/turkish-ship-arrives-in-philippines-to-commemorate-sunken-ottoman-vessel-haberi/6857 Turkish ship arrives in Philippines to commemorate sunken Ottoman vessel]''. June 15, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> strong crew all having drowned.<ref name="124anni"/> The incident was commemorated by the Japanese 124 years later in 2014.<ref name="124anni"/> On the 125th anniversary the Turkish navy launched plans on sending another, the ''"Salih Reis"'', on the very same journey in memoriam, having set sail in June 2015.<ref name="124anni"/> In April of the the same year around 500 of 7,550<ref name="waka"/>—8,300 catalogued artefacts were salvaged (which intriguingly included gold, silver and bronze Ottoman coins).<ref name="waka"/> Efforts were started in 2007<ref name="waka"/> by Tufan Turanlı, with the entire shipwreck eventually, and finally, making it's way back home in 2015. The Underwater Archaeology Institute (UAI), situated in the province of Muğla’s Bodrum, was responsible for such a feat.<ref name="533sailors"/><ref group="n.">The Bodrum UAI have already conducted conservation and restoration efforts "on thousands of years of sunken wrecks in the Aegean and Mediterranean".
#''[http://arts-entertainment.bgnnews.com/exhibit-of-ottoman-ship-historically-aided-japan-starts-in-istanbul-haberi/4962 Exhibit of Ottoman ship historically aided Japan starts in Istanbul]''. April 9, 2015. BGN News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> When it was placed on exhibition in 2015, the ship was seen by both the commander of the Turkish Naval Forces, Admiral Bülent Bostanoğlu and the Japanese Ambassador to Ankara, Yutaka Yokoi.<ref name="533sailors"/> The tragedy however left an intriguing legacy, ushering in more than a century of friendship between Japan and Turkey.<ref name="TurkeyJapanComm2015"/><ref name="Niki Gamm (September 13, 2014)."/>
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===20th Century===
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|[[File:QurbanAli-Ioki, Inukai, Touyama, Kojima photo op 1.jpg|thumb|center|120px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Qurban Ali,<ref name="Seth1975">Ronald Seth (1975). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sVogAQAAMAAJ&q=QurbanAli+Inukai&dq=QurbanAli+Inukai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAWoVChMI8taXmZ3hxgIVBrUUCh24cAfa Secret Servants: A History of Japanese Espionage]''. Greenwood Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8371-8021-2.</ref> Soviet anti-colonialist in Japan.<ref name="Cemil Aydin (March 12, 2008).">Cemil Aydin (March 12, 2008). ''[http://japanfocus.org/-Cemil-Aydin/2695/article.html Japan's Pan-Asianism and the Legitimacy of Imperial World Order, 1931-1945]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal (Japan Focus). Originally from (Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press 2007) pp: 161-189). Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref></div>]]
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">1900—1945:—</small> For the Islamic peoples of Asia, it was a different story. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, Japan had made several major attempts at destabilising China (and the Soviet Union) by using their native Muslim populations against them by financing rebellions.<ref name="Piscatori1986">James P. Piscatori (1 January 1986). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bc12RKsgIsC&pg=PA32&dq=Muslim+Japan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6L_PyvHgxgIVym8UCh0TUAjT#v=onepage&q=Muslim%20Japan&f=false International Relations of the Asian Muslim States]''. University Press of America. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8191-5248-0.</ref> The most famous of these destablising events were the ''"Muslim trials"'' (1929—1939) in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/><ref group="n.">The first of these took place in 1929, then in 1935 and finally in 1939; all of which were in the Soviet Union and were ultimately unsuccessful.
#James P. Piscatori (1 January 1986). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bc12RKsgIsC&pg=PA32&dq=Muslim+Japan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6L_PyvHgxgIVym8UCh0TUAjT#v=onepage&q=Muslim%20Japan&f=false International Relations of the Asian Muslim States]''. University Press of America. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8191-5248-0.</ref> A famous revolt also occurred in Xinjiang in 1937.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/><ref group="n.">There has been another rebellion prior to this in in 1863 which lasted until 1878. China annexed the region in 1760, and rebellions largely stemmed from heavy taxations and discrimination under Manchu rule. However Muslims were willing to pledge loyalty to the Qing emperor in exchange for protection, but unfortunately the Muslims were quarreling amongst themselves, which prevented them from facing the emperor with a united front.
#Hazel Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University Jack A Goldstone; Jack A. Goldstone (29 April 2015). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gre5CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT134&dq=Muslim+revolt+in+Xinjiang&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Muslim%20revolt%20in%20Xinjiang&f=false The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions]''. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-135-93758-4.</ref> When war eventually broke out, Japan still kept to this policy, portraying themselves as the ''"liberators''" of Islam,<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> when they were anything but (Chinese Muslims suffered horrendously under Japanese occupation). Politically however, Japan was so committed to the cause of getting Muslims on their side that in their 1943 parliamentary diet, the foreign minister of Japan declared that his country was ''"ready to consecrate all efforts in order to free these victims of Anglo-American tyranny and to support with energy the Muslim's political and cultural aspirations"''.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/><ref name="GriffinIV2008">W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). ''[W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). Death and Honor. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1. Death and Honor]''. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1.</ref> This was very surprising given the fact that Japan's pre-war Muslim population was almost negligible, and Muslims held no political power in the country.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> After Japan eventually surrendered in 1945,<ref name="Kort2012">Michael Kort (19 June 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YqmTx028OtgC&pg=PA164&dq=japan+surrender+in+1945&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=japan%20surrender%20in%201945&f=false The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb]''. Columbia University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-231-52758-3.</ref> an American report was released that claimed that this was because of a ''"commitment of key figures in the elite to [advance] Japan's sphere of influence even it meant converting to Islam themselves and holding out the hope of an Islamic Japan to Muslims abroad"''.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> As a marker of this new "alliance", the Japanese political elite further believed that Shintoism, the traditional religion of the Japanese peoples,<ref name="Neuberger2004">Julia Neuberger (1 January 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mpGVKG1E7jIC&pg=PA83&dq=shintoism+the+traditional+religion+of+the+Japanese+peoples&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=shintoism%20the%20traditional%20religion%20of%20the%20Japanese%20peoples&f=false Caring for Dying People of Different Faiths]''. Radcliffe Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-85775-945-7.</ref><ref name="Pace2013">Professor Enzo Pace (28 June 2013). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PqhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=shintoism+the+traditional+religion+of+the+Japanese+peoples&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=shintoism%20the%20traditional%20religion%20of%20the%20Japanese%20peoples&f=false Religion as Communication: God's Talk]''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4094-8168-3.</ref> would present no conflict with Islam, even to the point of conversion.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> 
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Japan's Courting of Muslims:—</small> Saying this, it should be noted that pre-war Japan was different to warring Japan. The pre-war government had been courting Muslims since the early 1880s, especially after the famous Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> This was primarily because this precise war propelled the Japanese nation onto the world stage as a potential superpower for the first time in it's history<ref name="Maguire2013"> Jack Maguire (3 September 2013). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QeIeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178&dq=russo+japanese+war+1905+galvanised&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=russo%20japanese%20war%201905%20galvanised&f=false Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs and Practices]''. Simon and Schuster. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4767-6196-1.</ref> which also served as a clear indication that Western dominance in Asia would not last forever.<ref name="Cohen2000">Warren I. Cohen (2000). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZkLqv9pdCk4C&pg=PA303&dq=russo+japanese+war+1905+galvanised&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=russo%20japanese%20war%201905%20galvanised&f=false East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World]''. Columbia University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-231-10109-7.</ref> After having struggled against the European, Russian and American powers, Japan had actually managed to crush any sort of imposition placed upon it by these same very powers, commanding new respect.<ref name="Cohen2000"/> However, their sincerity to the Muslim cause at this point was questionable at best, given how the imperial government would often seed rumours into the Muslim world that the emperor of Japan was ''"ready to convert"'' over to the faith.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> Despite this, in 1909, those closest to the emperor did sign ''"The Muslim Pact (1909)"'', vowing to spread Islam to the Japanese.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> Tsuyoshi Inukai (later the Prime Minister of Japan), Ryohei Uchida (a close confident of the emperor), and Mitsuru Toyama (a prominant politician in Japanese politics) were noted signatories.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> Abdurrashid Ibrahim was a Muslim signatory as well.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> The reason they were doing this was to achieve the goal of obtaining a greater Asian Japan.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> The scheme to ''"cultivate Muslims"'' was largely considered a success, and so it was even planned that this would be replicated in Catholic Latin America.<ref name="GriffinIV2008p60">W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gJWbgikOu14C&pg=PT59&dq=Japan+Anglo-American+tyranny+Muslim&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Japan%20Anglo-American%20tyranny%20Muslim&f=false Death and Honor]''. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1.</ref><ref group="n.">This was for the purposes of a "Catholic policy". The idea was that if Muslims could be deceived into thinking the Japanese were about to convert over to the faith, then why couldn't Roman Catholics who were suffering under the yoke of Anglo-American Protestanism. 
#W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gJWbgikOu14C&pg=PT59&dq=Japan+Anglo-American+tyranny+Muslim&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Japan%20Anglo-American%20tyranny%20Muslim&f=false Death and Honor]''. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1.</ref>
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||[[File:Mapcolonialasia.jpeg|thumb|center|120px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">A map of colonial Asia (1512—1912).</div>]]
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[[File:QurbanAli-Ioki, Inukai, Touyama, Kojima photo op 1.jpg|thumb|left|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Qurban Ali,<ref name="Seth1975">Ronald Seth (1975). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sVogAQAAMAAJ&q=QurbanAli+Inukai&dq=QurbanAli+Inukai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAWoVChMI8taXmZ3hxgIVBrUUCh24cAfa Secret Servants: A History of Japanese Espionage]''. Greenwood Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8371-8021-2.</ref> Soviet anti-colonialist in Japan.<ref name="Cemil Aydin (March 12, 2008).">Cemil Aydin (March 12, 2008). ''[http://japanfocus.org/-Cemil-Aydin/2695/article.html Japan's Pan-Asianism and the Legitimacy of Imperial World Order, 1931-1945]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal (Japan Focus). Originally from (Cemil Aydin, The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought (New York: Columbia University Press 2007) pp: 161-189). Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref></div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">1900—1945:—</small> For the Islamic peoples of Asia, it was a different story. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, Japan had made several major attempts at destabilising China (and the Soviet Union) by using their native Muslim populations against them by financing rebellions.<ref name="Piscatori1986">James P. Piscatori (1 January 1986). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bc12RKsgIsC&pg=PA32&dq=Muslim+Japan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6L_PyvHgxgIVym8UCh0TUAjT#v=onepage&q=Muslim%20Japan&f=false International Relations of the Asian Muslim States]''. University Press of America. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8191-5248-0.</ref> The most famous of these destablising events were the ''"Muslim trials"'' (1929—1939) in the Soviet Union.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/><ref group="n.">The first of these took place in 1929, then in 1935 and finally in 1939; all of which were in the Soviet Union and were ultimately unsuccessful.
#James P. Piscatori (1 January 1986). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6bc12RKsgIsC&pg=PA32&dq=Muslim+Japan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAmoVChMI6L_PyvHgxgIVym8UCh0TUAjT#v=onepage&q=Muslim%20Japan&f=false International Relations of the Asian Muslim States]''. University Press of America. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8191-5248-0.</ref> A famous revolt also occurred in Xinjiang in 1937.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/><ref group="n.">There has been another rebellion prior to this in in 1863 which lasted until 1878. China annexed the region in 1760, and rebellions largely stemmed from heavy taxations and discrimination under Manchu rule. However Muslims were willing to pledge loyalty to the Qing emperor in exchange for protection, but unfortunately the Muslims were quarreling amongst themselves, which prevented them from facing the emperor with a united front.
#Hazel Professor of Public Policy at George Mason University Jack A Goldstone; Jack A. Goldstone (29 April 2015). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gre5CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT134&dq=Muslim+revolt+in+Xinjiang&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Muslim%20revolt%20in%20Xinjiang&f=false The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions]''. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-135-93758-4.</ref> When war eventually broke out, Japan still kept to this policy, portraying themselves as the ''"liberators''" of Islam,<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> when they were anything but (Chinese Muslims suffered horrendously under Japanese occupation). Politically however, Japan was so committed to the cause of getting Muslims on their side that in their 1943 parliamentary diet, the foreign minister of Japan declared that his country was ''"ready to consecrate all efforts in order to free these victims of Anglo-American tyranny and to support with energy the Muslim's political and cultural aspirations"''.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/><ref name="GriffinIV2008">W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). ''[W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). Death and Honor. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1. Death and Honor]''. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1.</ref> This was very surprising given the fact that Japan's pre-war Muslim population was almost negligible, and Muslims held no political power in the country.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> After Japan eventually surrendered in 1945,<ref name="Kort2012">Michael Kort (19 June 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YqmTx028OtgC&pg=PA164&dq=japan+surrender+in+1945&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=japan%20surrender%20in%201945&f=false The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb]''. Columbia University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-231-52758-3.</ref> an American report was released that claimed that this was because of a ''"commitment of key figures in the elite to [advance] Japan's sphere of influence even it meant converting to Islam themselves and holding out the hope of an Islamic Japan to Muslims abroad"''.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> As a marker of this new "alliance", the Japanese political elite further believed that Shintoism, the traditional religion of the Japanese peoples,<ref name="Neuberger2004">Julia Neuberger (1 January 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mpGVKG1E7jIC&pg=PA83&dq=shintoism+the+traditional+religion+of+the+Japanese+peoples&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=shintoism%20the%20traditional%20religion%20of%20the%20Japanese%20peoples&f=false Caring for Dying People of Different Faiths]''. Radcliffe Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-85775-945-7.</ref><ref name="Pace2013">Professor Enzo Pace (28 June 2013). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9PqhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=shintoism+the+traditional+religion+of+the+Japanese+peoples&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=shintoism%20the%20traditional%20religion%20of%20the%20Japanese%20peoples&f=false Religion as Communication: God's Talk]''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-4094-8168-3.</ref> would present no conflict with Islam, even to the point of conversion.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> 
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[[File:Mapcolonialasia.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">A map of colonial Asia (1512—1912).</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Japan's Courting of Muslims:—</small> Saying this, it should be noted that pre-war Japan was different to warring Japan. The pre-war government had been courting Muslims since the early 1880s, especially after the famous Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> This was primarily because this precise war propelled the Japanese nation onto the world stage as a potential superpower for the first time in it's history<ref name="Maguire2013"> Jack Maguire (3 September 2013). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QeIeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178&dq=russo+japanese+war+1905+galvanised&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=russo%20japanese%20war%201905%20galvanised&f=false Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs and Practices]''. Simon and Schuster. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4767-6196-1.</ref> which also served as a clear indication that Western dominance in Asia would not last forever.<ref name="Cohen2000">Warren I. Cohen (2000). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZkLqv9pdCk4C&pg=PA303&dq=russo+japanese+war+1905+galvanised&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=russo%20japanese%20war%201905%20galvanised&f=false East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World]''. Columbia University Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-231-10109-7.</ref> After having struggled against the European, Russian and American powers, Japan had actually managed to crush any sort of imposition placed upon it by these same very powers, commanding new respect.<ref name="Cohen2000"/> However, their sincerity to the Muslim cause at this point was questionable at best, given how the imperial government would often seed rumours into the Muslim world that the emperor of Japan was ''"ready to convert"'' over to the faith.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> Despite this, in 1909, those closest to the emperor did sign ''"The Muslim Pact (1909)"'', vowing to spread Islam to the Japanese.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> Tsuyoshi Inukai (later the Prime Minister of Japan), Ryohei Uchida (a close confident of the emperor), and Mitsuru Toyama (a prominant politician in Japanese politics) were noted signatories.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> Abdurrashid Ibrahim was a Muslim signatory as well.<ref name="GriffinIV2008"/> The reason they were doing this was to achieve the goal of obtaining a greater Asian Japan.<ref name="Piscatori1986"/> The scheme to ''"cultivate Muslims"'' was largely considered a success, and so it was even planned that this would be replicated in Catholic Latin America.<ref name="GriffinIV2008p60">W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gJWbgikOu14C&pg=PT59&dq=Japan+Anglo-American+tyranny+Muslim&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Japan%20Anglo-American%20tyranny%20Muslim&f=false Death and Honor]''. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1.</ref><ref group="n.">This was for the purposes of a "Catholic policy". The idea was that if Muslims could be deceived into thinking the Japanese were about to convert over to the faith, then why couldn't Roman Catholics who were suffering under the yoke of Anglo-American Protestanism. 
#W.E.B. Griffin; William E. Butterworth IV (3 June 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gJWbgikOu14C&pg=PT59&dq=Japan+Anglo-American+tyranny+Muslim&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Japan%20Anglo-American%20tyranny%20Muslim&f=false Death and Honor]''. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4406-3094-1.</ref>
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==DEMOGRAPHICS==
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Population:—</small> According to Kawakami Yasunori, a writer for the ''"Asia Shimbun"'', the Muslim population in 2007 numbered between 70,000—100,000 people, of which the Japan Muslim Association (JMA) estimates that there are between 7,000—10,000 ethnic Japanese.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007).">Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007). ''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-kawakami-yasunori/2436/article.html Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan (Yasunori Kawakami) Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan (Kawakami Yasunori)]''. Posted at Japan Focus on May 30, 2007. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (originally from "The Asia Shimbun").</ref> Samee Siddiqui, another author, later claimed a figure of 70,000—120,000 in 2014, with 7,000—12,000 ethnic Japanese converts (and it is further notable that out of the non-ethnic Japanese, Japan is host to 2,000,000 foreign workers).<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> In order to understand the discrepancy in non-converts and convert Muslims, in the 1980s and 1990s the Japanese government offered visa waivers to countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh on the account of needing labour owed to an aging workforce and shortage of employees, leading to a bulge in the foreign Muslim population.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> However restrictions were put back in place (for example Bangladesh and Pakistan were imposed in 1989 and Iran in 1992).<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> Data gathered from the Japan Immigration Association in 2006 noted that there were 11,329 Bangladeshi Japanese, 5,198 Iranian Japanese, 9,086 Pakistani Japanese residing in Japan, with significant populations living in Tokyo (3,235 Bangladeshi, 1,355 Iranian, and 1,457 Pakistani).<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> In addition there are 18,096 (7,396) Indians and 24,858 (2,474) Indonesians in Japan (parenthesis denoting Tokyo residents).<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> These communities are successfully integrated with communities spread across the country<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> (at least 20 Japanese Muslim communities out of the 60 that exist are made up of ethnic Japanese).<ref name="Cihangir Yildirim (May 31, 2015).">Cihangir Yildirim (May 31, 2015). ''[http://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2015/05/31/muslim-population-in-japan-increases-with-islamic-demands Muslim population in Japan increases with Islamic demands]''. Daily Sabah. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Converts:—</small> Muslim communities in Japan often have extremely warm relations with Japanese converts to Islam.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> For instance, Ibrahim (Ken) Okubo was one such native convert in need of support, who by his mid-thirties was jobless, and needed help and counceling to get through what is very unusual for a person of his age to go through.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> They counselled him through all thirty-five of his job-offers before he finally managed to land himself a job after six months.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> He was not a new convert, but had first converted over to the faith in his early twenties.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> His employer was even kind enough to allow him to practice his five daily prayers (out of which it should be noted only two clash for a couple of minutes on his work day).<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> Another convert, Ogawara Hiromasa, adopted Islam on the basis that his Pakistani friend always had had a positive outlook, which was put down to his his faith; also noting ''"[t]hings are more relaxed in the world of Islam"''.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> However, it should be noted that although these were men, Japanese converts still remain overwhelmingly women married to foreign Muslim partners.<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003">Suad Joseph; Afsāna Naǧmābādī (2003). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Uyypm6T7ZsC&pg=PA322&dq=japanese+women+converts+to+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=japanese%20women%20converts%20to%20Islam&f=false Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics]''. BRILL. p. 322. ISBN 90-04-12818-2.</ref><ref group="n.">though it is not a requirement in Islam for women to convert to Islam as long as they believe in one God (at the time this was defined as Christian, Muslim, Sabean or Jewish).</ref> Those Japanese women that do convert often have to reconcile their own traditions with those that are Islamic;<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003"/> given the fact that most of these women are married to South Asian, Iranian or Central Asian Muslims.<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003"/> Women converts often also face challenges from their own families, with members frequently ostracizing them, and their friends alienating them.<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003"/> Foreigners normally do attract a lot of Japanese women; however they have a strong perception and identity regarding gender roles; and require their husbands to be the breadwinners in their society.<ref name="westernmentrapped">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/03/23/voices/spare-thought-western-men-trapped-japan/#.Va7ELvlViko Spare a thought for the Western men trapped in Japan]''. March 23, 2015. Japan Times. Retrieved July 21st, 2015.</ref> 
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||[[File:Japan-muslim2.jpg|thumb|120px|center|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Japanese Muslim man in religious-wear.</div>]]
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[[File:Islam-in-japan.jpg|thumb|left|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">What a Japanese Muslim hijabi may look like.</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Population:—</small> According to Kawakami Yasunori, a writer for the ''"Asia Shimbun"'', the Muslim population in 2007 numbered between 70,000—100,000 people, of which the Japan Muslim Association (JMA) estimates that there are between 7,000—10,000 ethnic Japanese.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007).">Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007). ''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-kawakami-yasunori/2436/article.html Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan (Yasunori Kawakami) Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan (Kawakami Yasunori)]''. Posted at Japan Focus on May 30, 2007. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus (originally from "The Asia Shimbun").</ref> Samee Siddiqui, another author, later claimed a figure of 70,000—120,000 in 2014, with 7,000—12,000 ethnic Japanese converts (and it is further notable that out of the non-ethnic Japanese, Japan is host to 2,000,000 foreign workers).<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> In order to understand the discrepancy in non-converts and convert Muslims, in the 1980s and 1990s the Japanese government offered visa waivers to countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh on the account of needing labour owed to an aging workforce and shortage of employees, leading to a bulge in the foreign Muslim population.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> However restrictions were put back in place (for example Bangladesh and Pakistan were imposed in 1989 and Iran in 1992).<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> Data gathered from the Japan Immigration Association in 2006 noted that there were 11,329 Bangladeshi Japanese, 5,198 Iranian Japanese, 9,086 Pakistani Japanese residing in Japan, with significant populations living in Tokyo (3,235 Bangladeshi, 1,355 Iranian, and 1,457 Pakistani).<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> In addition there are 18,096 (7,396) Indians and 24,858 (2,474) Indonesians in Japan (parenthesis denoting Tokyo residents).<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> These communities are successfully integrated with communities spread across the country<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> (at least 20 Japanese Muslim communities out of the 60 that exist are made up of ethnic Japanese).<ref name="Cihangir Yildirim (May 31, 2015).">Cihangir Yildirim (May 31, 2015). ''[http://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2015/05/31/muslim-population-in-japan-increases-with-islamic-demands Muslim population in Japan increases with Islamic demands]''. Daily Sabah. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref>
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[[File:Japan-muslim2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Japanese Muslim man in religious-wear.</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Converts:—</small> Muslim communities in Japan often have extremely warm relations with Japanese converts to Islam.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> For instance, Ibrahim (Ken) Okubo was one such native convert in need of support, who by his mid-thirties was jobless, and needed help and counceling to get through what is very unusual for a person of his age to go through.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> They counselled him through all thirty-five of his job-offers before he finally managed to land himself a job after six months.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> He was not a new convert, but had first converted over to the faith in his early twenties.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> His employer was even kind enough to allow him to practice his five daily prayers (out of which it should be noted only two clash for a couple of minutes on his work day).<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> Another convert, Ogawara Hiromasa, adopted Islam on the basis that his Pakistani friend always had had a positive outlook, which was put down to his his faith; also noting ''"[t]hings are more relaxed in the world of Islam"''.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> However, it should be noted that although these were men, Japanese converts still remain overwhelmingly women married to foreign Muslim partners.<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003">Suad Joseph; Afsāna Naǧmābādī (2003). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4Uyypm6T7ZsC&pg=PA322&dq=japanese+women+converts+to+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=japanese%20women%20converts%20to%20Islam&f=false Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics]''. BRILL. p. 322. ISBN 90-04-12818-2.</ref><ref group="n.">though it is not a requirement in Islam for women to convert to Islam as long as they believe in one God (at the time this was defined as Christian, Muslim, Sabean or Jewish).</ref> Those Japanese women that do convert often have to reconcile their own traditions with those that are Islamic;<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003"/> given the fact that most of these women are married to South Asian, Iranian or Central Asian Muslims.<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003"/> Women converts often also face challenges from their own families, with members frequently ostracizing them, and their friends alienating them.<ref name="JosephNaǧmābādī2003"/> Foreigners normally do attract a lot of Japanese women; however they have a strong perception and identity regarding gender roles; and require their husbands to be the breadwinners in their society.<ref name="westernmentrapped">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/03/23/voices/spare-thought-western-men-trapped-japan/#.Va7ELvlViko Spare a thought for the Western men trapped in Japan]''. March 23, 2015. Japan Times. Retrieved July 21st, 2015.</ref> 
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==PERCEPTIONS==
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Protrayels:—</small> Islamic culture has been portrayed in Japanese culture and is not nearly as alien as is thought by some; more specifically it has featured itself in renowned manga and anime. Perhaps one of the most significant portrayals of one type of Muslim culture was that of Pakistan in the ''"Yugo"'' (1994<ref name="McCarthy2006">Helen McCarthy (2006). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EbWPyAm0E_8C&pg=PA21&dq=Yugo+the+negotiator+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Yugo%20the%20negotiator%20Pakistan&f=false 500 Manga Heroes and Villains]''. Collins & Brown. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84340-234-3.</ref>—2004<ref name="yugoann"/>) and ''"Yugo the Negotiator"'' (2004<ref name="ClementsMcCarthy2012">Jonathan Clements; Helen McCarthy (6 November 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rZg4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT998&dq=Yugo+the+negotiator+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Yugo%20the%20negotiator%20Pakistan&f=false The Anime Encyclopedia, Revised & Expanded Edition: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917]''. Stone Bridge Press. p. 998. ISBN 978-1-61172-515-5.</ref>),<ref name="annprofileyugo">''[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=3568 Yugo the Negotiator (TV)]''. Anime News Network. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> by Osamu Akana and Shingji Makari.<ref name="ClementsMcCarthy2012"/> The story centres around Yugo Beppu a talented and experienced negotiator who helps rescue hostages from kidnappers, notable for never having lost a single case.<ref name="yugoann">''[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-07/yugo-the-negotiator-manga-to-launch-final-season/.80811 Yugo the Negotiator Manga to Launch 'Final Season']''. November 8th, 2014. Anime News Network. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">However the series has been criticised by reviewers who say that the manga and anime reinforce stereotypes about Muslims are violent misogynists. For example, one reviewer noted;
:'''Quote:''' ''"I also have to say that this show plays on Islamic stereotypes fiercely, and it troubled me a bit. [I'll discuss a few of those bothersome bits in the rest of this paragraph, but they may contain very mild spoilers, so be warned.] Now, before I go on the defensive, let me say that I am a Christian, one who's studying to become a pastor at some point, and I do not believe in Islam or any of its major tenants. That said, Yugo plays on fears of the Muslim world. Muslim men in this show, even the good ones, have violent tendencies and appear vaguely untrustworthy. The lone woman who shows up in the feature is being bought and sold as property, and she's had her tongue cut out. There's also the concept bandied about that Yugo, as a Japanese man, could never be an Islamic believer in the minds of the Pakistani dacoits. Yugo can tell any story it wants, but I would have been far more impressed if it didn't typecast its Muslim roles."''
#Jason Huff (Unknown Date). ''[http://www.theanimereview.com/reviews/yugo.html Yugo the Negotiator Vol. 1]''. The Anime Review. Retrieved October 11th, 2016.</ref> The series is also centered around Japan, Russia and Hong Kong.<ref name="yugoann"/> Scanlation group OMFGG (active between December 5th, 2008 and May 8th, 2011) translated the manga between September 16th, 2009 and March 24th, 2010 (up to chapter 15; the start of the Yakuza Arc; the Pakistani Arc being chapters 1—14).<ref name="yugoomfgg releases">''[https://www.mangaupdates.com/releases.html?search=2576&stype=series Releases (Yugo)]''. Baka-Updates Manga. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> The group can be found on the IRC channel ''"#OMFGG@irc.irchighway.net"''.<ref name="Scanlators Group Info (OMFGG Scans)">''[https://www.mangaupdates.com/groups.html?page=1&id=2368 Scanlators Group Info (OMFGG Scans)]''. Baka-Updates Manga. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref><ref name="yugoprofile">''[https://www.mangaupdates.com/series.html?id=2576 Yugo (Profile)]''. Baka-Updates Manga. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> Another case is in Fullmetal Alchemist media where alchemy (etymologically Arabic<ref name="FujieWyman2007">Kazuhisa Fujie; Walt Wyman (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rA2LnvdoxcsC&pg=PA26&dq=fullmetal+alchemist+islam&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=fullmetal%20alchemist%20islam&f=false The Fullmetal Alchemist Archive: The Complete Guide]''. DH Publishing Inc. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-932897-20-3.</ref><ref name="RāshidMorelon1996">Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (1996). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnAXV09Z5bIC&pg=PA854&dq=alchemy+invented+by+arabs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=alchemy%20invented%20by%20arabs&f=false Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences]''. CRC Press. p. 854. ISBN 978-0-415-12412-6.</ref>) heavily features in the series themes though Islam is not referred to directly; also featuring the philosophers stone (which dates back to the 8th century Arabs<ref name="NexonNeumann2006">Daniel H. Nexon; Iver B. Neumann (25 May 2006). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=df5uAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=arab+philosophers+stone&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arab%20philosophers%20stone&f=false Harry Potter and International Relations]''. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4616-3723-3.</ref>), a concept also said to be formed<ref name="Edwardes1978">Michael Edwardes (1978). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M9gtAAAAYAAJ&dq=jabir+al+hayyan+philosophers+stone+concept&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=first+mention The Dark Side of History: Magic in the Making of Man]''. Hart-Davis MacGibbon. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-246-10871-5.</ref><ref group="n.">There have been claims that the philosopher's stone has it's roots in the Greeks, but this seems spurious as there has been a certain tendency in European scholarship to deliberately attribute inventions, or at least fabricate them towards certain historical European personalities. A case in point is that of the invention of the Windmill to writers such as "Heron", when in actual fact they originate in Iran. NASA scientist and professor, Dennis G. Shepherd, of Cornell University, have noted that this perception was only eradicated by modern 21st Century historians who, after centuries of believing in the fabrication, do not now take the claim seriously. This is likely to be the same case for the development of the philosopher's stone and other such attributions, traditionally given to the ancient Greeks.
#Shepherd, Dennis G (December 1990). ''[http://wind.nrel.gov/public/library/shepherd.pdf Historical Development of the Windmill]''.  Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (from National Wind Technology Center's Information Portal, part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Pg. 4-6. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
#Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (January 1996). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA333&dq=windmills+invention+ghaznavids&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JRKFU9H_G-ek0QX02YGwDw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=windmills%20invention%20ghaznavids&f=false International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania]''. Taylor & Francis. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
:'''Quote:''' ''"Ancient manuscripts, however, have often suffered from mistranslations, revisions, and interpolations by other hands over the centuries. In some, even diagrams were changed to suit the whims of the revisionists, and there are instances of forgeries...Mentioning the Boas monograph is apposite here because of the well known ascription of the invention of the windmill to Heron of Alexandria by virtue of his account of it as one of the many devices in his pnuematica 2000 years ago. This ascription is now discounted by most authorities in varying defrees ranging from outright rejection through wistful reluctance to relinquish the idea, to acceptance as only a toy." (Pg. 4); and further that "Thus Herons work might have stimulated the use of wind power in the Islamic world, but there is no hard evidence to substantiate that."''
::(Pg. 6) (D.G. Shepherd) Windmills are also said to have been invented in Herat according to Trudy Ring Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda.</ref> by the Arabic Muslim Geber who lived in Spain.<ref name="EdgarLee2012">Frank Edgar; George R. Lee (3 January 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tLhpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=arab+philosophers+stone&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arab%20philosophers%20stone&f=false Medieval Times, Grades 5-8]''. Carson-Dellosa Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-58037-653-2.</ref> There are also many other minor references to Muslims in Japanese anime. One of the most controversial depictions was that of the Qu'ran being read by an evil character in ''"Jojo's Bizarre Adventure"''; for which the animators Shueisha Inc. and Another Push Pin Planning Co. later apologized; with the Japanese government weighing-in and saying it was ''"regrettable"''.<ref name="regrettable">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/05/24/news/muslim-riling-cartoon-regrettable/#.Vaz7__lVikp Muslim-riling cartoon ‘regrettable’]''. May 24, 2008. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref><ref name="300forums">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/05/23/news/anime-stokes-ire-of-muslims/#.Vaz7t_lViko ‘Anime’ stokes ire of Muslims]''. May 23, 2008. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">''"Otoyomegatari"'':—</small> ''"Otoyomegatari"'', also known as ''"A Bride's Story"'', is a ''Seinen'' manga created and drawn by Kaoru Mori, and published in 2008 until present.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014).">Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014). ''[http://www.themarysue.com/shining-seinen-part-1-leading-ladies-in-anime-and-manga-for-men/ Shining Seinen Part 1: Leading Ladies in Anime and Manga for Men]''. The Mary Sue. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.</ref> It is set in 19th century central Asia, following several Turkic women, such as a Turkic huntress who is due to marry her 12-year old husband, to a grandmother mountain who can climb mountains men are only afraid of.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014)."/> It's art and storytelling has been praised, as well as the research around the central Asian societies.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014)."/> Although the manga shows the cultural norms of 19th century culture, she does not comment or judge on the appropriateness of the practices when compared to modern societies.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014)."/> Approximately, 54 chapters have been published so far as of April 19th, 2016, compiled into 8 ''tankōbon'' volumes, with unpublished chapters awaiting a 9th volume release (with the 9th volume commencing from chapter 52 onwards). The first tankobon was published on October 15th, 2009 in Japanese, and May 31st, 2011 in English. A 2004 political dialogue, ''Central Asia Plus Japan'', celebrated it's 10th anniversary in 2014, with Mori illustrating a drawing of all six central Asian nations in their cultural attire.<ref name="Scott Green (July 8th, 2014).">Scott Green (July 8th, 2014). ''[http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2014/07/08/manga-artist-kaoru-mori-designs-visual-for-central-asia-plus-japan-10th-anniversary Manga Artist Kaoru Mori Designs Visual for Central Asia Plus Japan 10th Anniversary]''. Crunchyroll. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.</ref> The dialogue aims to create "a new framework for cooperation, thereby elevating relations between Japan and Central Asia to a new level".<ref name="Scott Green (July 8th, 2014)."/> Mori also won the 2014 Manga Award, scoring 94 points, the highest in the competition.<ref name="Yomimaid (March 27th, 2014).">Yomimaid (March 27th, 2014). ''[http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2014/03/27/check-out-the-winners-list-for-the-manga-award-2014-competition Check Out The Winners List for The "Manga Award 2014" Competition]''. Crunchyroll. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.</ref> The winner of the prestigious award also receives significant public coverage and sales.<ref name="Yomimaid (March 27th, 2014)."/><ref group="n.">
*Vol. 6 sold 255,992 copies by January 26th, 2014; with some 40,000 sales occuring between January 20th 2014 and January 26th 2014
#Snow (January 29th, 2014). ''[http://myanimelist.net/forum/?topicid=759719 Japan's Weekly Manga and Light Novel Rankings for Jan 20 - 26]''. My Anime List. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.
*Vol. 7 sold 338,828 copies between November 17th, 2014 and May 17th, 2015 (watch for spoiler tags that hide the ranking)
#Snow (May 31st, 2015). ''[http://myanimelist.net/news/40131264 Japan's Yearly Manga & Light Novel Rankings for 2015 (First Half)]''. My Anime List. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.
*Vol. 8 sold 172,662 copies from December 14th, 2015 to December 20th, 2015; however it had been released prior to this date, and sold a total of 234,782 copies by December 20th, 2016.
#Snow (May 23rd, 2015). ''[http://myanimelist.net/forum/?topicid=1464814 Japan's Weekly Manga Rankings for Dec 14 - 20]''. My Anime List. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Perceptions & Stereotypes:—</small> Unlike certain countries with minority Muslim populations, Japan is not a violent country, with Muslims not being subjected to any forms of violence or vandalism; although discrimination and racism does remain a rampant problem.<ref name="vestp.47-51.">Eskil O. Vestre (May 18th, 2011). ''[https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/24398/Vestre.pdf?sequence=2 Japan as an Emerging Multicultural Society Exploring Contemporary Minority Issues Through the Case of Muslim Immigrants]''. Master’s Thesis (60 credits), East Asian Studies; Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages; Faculty of Humanities. The University Of Oslo. p. 47-51. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> This has probably spurred Muslims to take on self-employment, although a significant amount do work as blue-collar workers for Japan's lucrative industries.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> Workers rights remain a problem in the country, with some "slave-like" conditions being imposed on foreigners.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> The Yakuza crime syndicate is also involved in importing illegal immigrants (probably for this purpose).<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> However, Muslims who assimilate in Japan can do well in the country whilst those that don't can find it difficult.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> A case in point is in religious practice, where a Filipino Muslim was fired for merely asking the permission of her boss if she could pray and do lighter work during Ramadan; however it should be noted that the employer did employ a Turkish Muslim, who was secular who he was fine with.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> Other stereotypes include the perception that Muslims are foreigners in ''"homogenous"'' Japan,<ref name="vestp.71-95.">Eskil O. Vestre (May 18th, 2011). ''[https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/24398/Vestre.pdf?sequence=2 Japan as an Emerging Multicultural Society Exploring Contemporary Minority Issues Through the Case of Muslim Immigrants]''. Master’s Thesis (60 credits), East Asian Studies; Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages; Faculty of Humanities. The University Of Oslo. p. 71-95. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> conflicting with the notion of race and Japanese blood lines,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> depictions of being illegals,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> terrorists,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> backwards or uncivilized,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> and being bearded rather than religious.<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> Muslim refugees also fleeing to Japan have little hope of being accepted; nearly half of the 410 refugees that were accepted from 5,000 applicants were from Burma (Myanamar).<ref name="David McNeill (March 25, 2011).">David McNeill (March 25, 2011). ''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/03/25/national/despair-engulfs-pakistani-asylum-seekers/#.VbApqflVikp Despair engulfs Pakistani asylum seekers]''. Japan Times. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015.</ref> Problematically, the government is also known to abruptly cut off money to refugees; as happened to one Pakistani family who were driven to suicide.<ref name="David McNeill (March 25, 2011)."/>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Protrayels:—</small> Islamic culture has been portrayed in Japanese culture and is not nearly as alien as is thought by some; more specifically it has featured itself in renowned manga and anime. Perhaps one of the most significant portrayals of one type of Muslim culture was that of Pakistan in the ''"Yugo"'' (1994<ref name="McCarthy2006">Helen McCarthy (2006). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EbWPyAm0E_8C&pg=PA21&dq=Yugo+the+negotiator+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Yugo%20the%20negotiator%20Pakistan&f=false 500 Manga Heroes and Villains]''. Collins & Brown. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84340-234-3.</ref>—2004<ref name="yugoann"/>) and ''"Yugo the Negotiator"'' (2004<ref name="ClementsMcCarthy2012">Jonathan Clements; Helen McCarthy (6 November 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rZg4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT998&dq=Yugo+the+negotiator+Pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Yugo%20the%20negotiator%20Pakistan&f=false The Anime Encyclopedia, Revised & Expanded Edition: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917]''. Stone Bridge Press. p. 998. ISBN 978-1-61172-515-5.</ref>),<ref name="annprofileyugo">''[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=3568 Yugo the Negotiator (TV)]''. Anime News Network. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> by Osamu Akana and Shingji Makari.<ref name="ClementsMcCarthy2012"/> The story centres around Yugo Beppu a talented and experienced negotiator who helps rescue hostages from kidnappers, notable for never having lost a single case.<ref name="yugoann">''[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-11-07/yugo-the-negotiator-manga-to-launch-final-season/.80811 Yugo the Negotiator Manga to Launch 'Final Season']''. November 8th, 2014. Anime News Network. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">However the series has been criticised by reviewers who say that the manga and anime reinforce stereotypes about Muslims are violent misogynists. For example, one reviewer noted;
:'''Quote:''' ''"I also have to say that this show plays on Islamic stereotypes fiercely, and it troubled me a bit. [I'll discuss a few of those bothersome bits in the rest of this paragraph, but they may contain very mild spoilers, so be warned.] Now, before I go on the defensive, let me say that I am a Christian, one who's studying to become a pastor at some point, and I do not believe in Islam or any of its major tenants. That said, Yugo plays on fears of the Muslim world. Muslim men in this show, even the good ones, have violent tendencies and appear vaguely untrustworthy. The lone woman who shows up in the feature is being bought and sold as property, and she's had her tongue cut out. There's also the concept bandied about that Yugo, as a Japanese man, could never be an Islamic believer in the minds of the Pakistani dacoits. Yugo can tell any story it wants, but I would have been far more impressed if it didn't typecast its Muslim roles."''
#Jason Huff (Unknown Date). ''[http://www.theanimereview.com/reviews/yugo.html Yugo the Negotiator Vol. 1]''. The Anime Review. Retrieved October 11th, 2016.</ref> The series is also centered around Japan, Russia and Hong Kong.<ref name="yugoann"/> Scanlation group OMFGG (active between December 5th, 2008 and May 8th, 2011) translated the manga between September 16th, 2009 and March 24th, 2010 (up to chapter 15; the start of the Yakuza Arc; the Pakistani Arc being chapters 1—14).<ref name="yugoomfgg releases">''[https://www.mangaupdates.com/releases.html?search=2576&stype=series Releases (Yugo)]''. Baka-Updates Manga. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> The group can be found on the IRC channel ''"#OMFGG@irc.irchighway.net"''.<ref name="Scanlators Group Info (OMFGG Scans)">''[https://www.mangaupdates.com/groups.html?page=1&id=2368 Scanlators Group Info (OMFGG Scans)]''. Baka-Updates Manga. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref><ref name="yugoprofile">''[https://www.mangaupdates.com/series.html?id=2576 Yugo (Profile)]''. Baka-Updates Manga. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> Another case is in Fullmetal Alchemist media where alchemy (etymologically Arabic<ref name="FujieWyman2007">Kazuhisa Fujie; Walt Wyman (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rA2LnvdoxcsC&pg=PA26&dq=fullmetal+alchemist+islam&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=fullmetal%20alchemist%20islam&f=false The Fullmetal Alchemist Archive: The Complete Guide]''. DH Publishing Inc. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-932897-20-3.</ref><ref name="RāshidMorelon1996">Rushdī Rāshid; Régis Morelon (1996). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mnAXV09Z5bIC&pg=PA854&dq=alchemy+invented+by+arabs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=alchemy%20invented%20by%20arabs&f=false Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences]''. CRC Press. p. 854. ISBN 978-0-415-12412-6.</ref>) heavily features in the series themes though Islam is not referred to directly; also featuring the philosophers stone (which dates back to the 8th century Arabs<ref name="NexonNeumann2006">Daniel H. Nexon; Iver B. Neumann (25 May 2006). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=df5uAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=arab+philosophers+stone&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arab%20philosophers%20stone&f=false Harry Potter and International Relations]''. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4616-3723-3.</ref>), a concept also said to be formed<ref name="Edwardes1978">Michael Edwardes (1978). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M9gtAAAAYAAJ&dq=jabir+al+hayyan+philosophers+stone+concept&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=first+mention The Dark Side of History: Magic in the Making of Man]''. Hart-Davis MacGibbon. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-246-10871-5.</ref><ref group="n.">There have been claims that the philosopher's stone has it's roots in the Greeks, but this seems spurious as there has been a certain tendency in European scholarship to deliberately attribute inventions, or at least fabricate them towards certain historical European personalities. A case in point is that of the invention of the Windmill to writers such as "Heron", when in actual fact they originate in Iran. NASA scientist and professor, Dennis G. Shepherd, of Cornell University, have noted that this perception was only eradicated by modern 21st Century historians who, after centuries of believing in the fabrication, do not now take the claim seriously. This is likely to be the same case for the development of the philosopher's stone and other such attributions, traditionally given to the ancient Greeks.
#Shepherd, Dennis G (December 1990). ''[http://wind.nrel.gov/public/library/shepherd.pdf Historical Development of the Windmill]''.  Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (from National Wind Technology Center's Information Portal, part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Pg. 4-6. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
#Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (January 1996). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA333&dq=windmills+invention+ghaznavids&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JRKFU9H_G-ek0QX02YGwDw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=windmills%20invention%20ghaznavids&f=false International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania]''. Taylor & Francis. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
:'''Quote:''' ''"Ancient manuscripts, however, have often suffered from mistranslations, revisions, and interpolations by other hands over the centuries. In some, even diagrams were changed to suit the whims of the revisionists, and there are instances of forgeries...Mentioning the Boas monograph is apposite here because of the well known ascription of the invention of the windmill to Heron of Alexandria by virtue of his account of it as one of the many devices in his pnuematica 2000 years ago. This ascription is now discounted by most authorities in varying defrees ranging from outright rejection through wistful reluctance to relinquish the idea, to acceptance as only a toy." (Pg. 4); and further that "Thus Herons work might have stimulated the use of wind power in the Islamic world, but there is no hard evidence to substantiate that."''
::(Pg. 6) (D.G. Shepherd) Windmills are also said to have been invented in Herat according to Trudy Ring Robert M. Salkin and Sharon La Boda.</ref> by the Arabic Muslim Geber who lived in Spain.<ref name="EdgarLee2012">Frank Edgar; George R. Lee (3 January 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tLhpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=arab+philosophers+stone&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arab%20philosophers%20stone&f=false Medieval Times, Grades 5-8]''. Carson-Dellosa Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-58037-653-2.</ref> There are also many other minor references to Muslims in Japanese anime. One of the most controversial depictions was that of the Qu'ran being read by an evil character in ''"Jojo's Bizarre Adventure"''; for which the animators Shueisha Inc. and Another Push Pin Planning Co. later apologized; with the Japanese government weighing-in and saying it was ''"regrettable"''.<ref name="regrettable">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/05/24/news/muslim-riling-cartoon-regrettable/#.Vaz7__lVikp Muslim-riling cartoon ‘regrettable’]''. May 24, 2008. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref><ref name="300forums">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/05/23/news/anime-stokes-ire-of-muslims/#.Vaz7t_lViko ‘Anime’ stokes ire of Muslims]''. May 23, 2008. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref>
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[[File:Brides-Story-2-3.jpg|300px|thumb|right|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;">''A Bride's Story'' (2008—Present). Vol. 2 & 3.</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">''"Otoyomegatari"'':—</small> ''"Otoyomegatari"'', also known as ''"A Bride's Story"'', is a ''Seinen'' manga created and drawn by Kaoru Mori, and published in 2008 until present.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014).">Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014). ''[http://www.themarysue.com/shining-seinen-part-1-leading-ladies-in-anime-and-manga-for-men/ Shining Seinen Part 1: Leading Ladies in Anime and Manga for Men]''. The Mary Sue. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.</ref> It is set in 19th century central Asia, following several Turkic women, such as a Turkic huntress who is due to marry her 12-year old husband, to a grandmother mountain who can climb mountains men are only afraid of.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014)."/> It's art and storytelling has been praised, as well as the research around the central Asian societies.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014)."/> Although the manga shows the cultural norms of 19th century culture, she does not comment or judge on the appropriateness of the practices when compared to modern societies.<ref name="Caitlin Donovan (September 18th, 2014)."/> Approximately, 54 chapters have been published so far as of April 19th, 2016, compiled into 8 ''tankōbon'' volumes, with unpublished chapters awaiting a 9th volume release (with the 9th volume commencing from chapter 52 onwards). The first tankobon was published on October 15th, 2009 in Japanese, and May 31st, 2011 in English. A 2004 political dialogue, ''Central Asia Plus Japan'', celebrated it's 10th anniversary in 2014, with Mori illustrating a drawing of all six central Asian nations in their cultural attire.<ref name="Scott Green (July 8th, 2014).">Scott Green (July 8th, 2014). ''[http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2014/07/08/manga-artist-kaoru-mori-designs-visual-for-central-asia-plus-japan-10th-anniversary Manga Artist Kaoru Mori Designs Visual for Central Asia Plus Japan 10th Anniversary]''. Crunchyroll. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.</ref> The dialogue aims to create "a new framework for cooperation, thereby elevating relations between Japan and Central Asia to a new level".<ref name="Scott Green (July 8th, 2014)."/> Mori also won the 2014 Manga Award, scoring 94 points, the highest in the competition.<ref name="Yomimaid (March 27th, 2014).">Yomimaid (March 27th, 2014). ''[http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2014/03/27/check-out-the-winners-list-for-the-manga-award-2014-competition Check Out The Winners List for The "Manga Award 2014" Competition]''. Crunchyroll. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.</ref> The winner of the prestigious award also receives significant public coverage and sales.<ref name="Yomimaid (March 27th, 2014)."/><ref group="n.">
*Vol. 6 sold 255,992 copies by January 26th, 2014; with some 40,000 sales occuring between January 20th 2014 and January 26th 2014
#Snow (January 29th, 2014). ''[http://myanimelist.net/forum/?topicid=759719 Japan's Weekly Manga and Light Novel Rankings for Jan 20 - 26]''. My Anime List. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.
*Vol. 7 sold 338,828 copies between November 17th, 2014 and May 17th, 2015 (watch for spoiler tags that hide the ranking)
#Snow (May 31st, 2015). ''[http://myanimelist.net/news/40131264 Japan's Yearly Manga & Light Novel Rankings for 2015 (First Half)]''. My Anime List. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.
*Vol. 8 sold 172,662 copies from December 14th, 2015 to December 20th, 2015; however it had been released prior to this date, and sold a total of 234,782 copies by December 20th, 2016.
#Snow (May 23rd, 2015). ''[http://myanimelist.net/forum/?topicid=1464814 Japan's Weekly Manga Rankings for Dec 14 - 20]''. My Anime List. Retrieved April 19th, 2016.
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[[File:Japanese muslim gathering.jpg|thumb|left|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Japanese Muslim family.<ref name="Amtul Q Farhat (December 25, 2012).">Amtul Q Farhat (December 25, 2012). ''[http://www.themuslimtimes.org/2012/12/religion/japanese-youth-increasingly-convert-to-islam-nu-indonesia Japanese youth increasingly convert to Islam NU Indonesia]''. The Muslim Times. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015.</ref></div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Perceptions & Stereotypes:—</small> Unlike certain countries with minority Muslim populations, Japan is not a violent country, with Muslims not being subjected to any forms of violence or vandalism; although discrimination and racism does remain a rampant problem.<ref name="vestp.47-51.">Eskil O. Vestre (May 18th, 2011). ''[https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/24398/Vestre.pdf?sequence=2 Japan as an Emerging Multicultural Society Exploring Contemporary Minority Issues Through the Case of Muslim Immigrants]''. Master’s Thesis (60 credits), East Asian Studies; Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages; Faculty of Humanities. The University Of Oslo. p. 47-51. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> This has probably spurred Muslims to take on self-employment, although a significant amount do work as blue-collar workers for Japan's lucrative industries.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> Workers rights remain a problem in the country, with some "slave-like" conditions being imposed on foreigners.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> The Yakuza crime syndicate is also involved in importing illegal immigrants (probably for this purpose).<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> However, Muslims who assimilate in Japan can do well in the country whilst those that don't can find it difficult.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> A case in point is in religious practice, where a Filipino Muslim was fired for merely asking the permission of her boss if she could pray and do lighter work during Ramadan; however it should be noted that the employer did employ a Turkish Muslim, who was secular who he was fine with.<ref name="vestp.47-51."/> Other stereotypes include the perception that Muslims are foreigners in ''"homogenous"'' Japan,<ref name="vestp.71-95.">Eskil O. Vestre (May 18th, 2011). ''[https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/24398/Vestre.pdf?sequence=2 Japan as an Emerging Multicultural Society Exploring Contemporary Minority Issues Through the Case of Muslim Immigrants]''. Master’s Thesis (60 credits), East Asian Studies; Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages; Faculty of Humanities. The University Of Oslo. p. 71-95. Retrieved July 20th, 2015.</ref> conflicting with the notion of race and Japanese blood lines,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> depictions of being illegals,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> terrorists,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> backwards or uncivilized,<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> and being bearded rather than religious.<ref name="vestp.71-95."/> Muslim refugees also fleeing to Japan have little hope of being accepted; nearly half of the 410 refugees that were accepted from 5,000 applicants were from Burma (Myanamar).<ref name="David McNeill (March 25, 2011).">David McNeill (March 25, 2011). ''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/03/25/national/despair-engulfs-pakistani-asylum-seekers/#.VbApqflVikp Despair engulfs Pakistani asylum seekers]''. Japan Times. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015.</ref> Problematically, the government is also known to abruptly cut off money to refugees; as happened to one Pakistani family who were driven to suicide.<ref name="David McNeill (March 25, 2011)."/>
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==MOSQUES==
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Mosques:—</small> The very first mosque to have ever been built in Japan was by Muslim soldiers who had escaped Russian captivity; constructing it in 1905 in Izumi Otsu, Osaka prefecture (but unfortunately it has not survived to the present day).<ref name="izumiotsu">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I5NtAAAAMAAJ&q=Nagoya+mosque+rebuilt&dq=Nagoya+mosque+rebuilt&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Muslim World]''. Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress. 2000. p. 34.</ref><ref name="Rippin2008">Andrew Rippin (24 October 2008). ''[Andrew Rippin (24 October 2008). World Islam: critical concepts in Islamic studies. Taylor and Francis. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-415-45651-7 World Islam: critical concepts in Islamic studies]''. Taylor and Francis. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-415-45651-7</ref> The second was built in 1914 (Kobe Mosque; which was rebuilt again in 1935 and is currently the oldest surviving mosque in Japan,<ref name="izumiotsu"/><ref name="tempo">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1JUTAQAAMAAJ&q=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&dq=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine]''. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2008. p. 35.</ref> followed by the Nagoya Mosque (constructed in 1931 but destroyed in the second world war<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (18 October 2011). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1291&dq=Nagoya+Mosque+(1931)&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Nagoya%20Mosque%20(1931)&f=false Encyclopedia of Global Religion]''. SAGE Publications. p. 1291. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.</ref> after American air bombings,<ref name="al-Din1922">Khwajah Kamal al-Din (1922). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YXAvAAAAMAAJ&dq=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nagoya The Islamic Review]''. p. 119.</ref> which killed 250,000 Japanese across Japan in total;<ref>''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0fNtAAAAMAAJ&q=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&dq=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Middle East: Abstracts and index]''. Northumberland Press. 2006. p. 232.</ref> and then rebuilt again in the 1998).<ref name="ṢāliḥQūqānī1999">Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Ṣāliḥ; ʻAbd al-Ḥafīẓ Fidā Muḥammad Qūqānī; Jāmiʻat al-Malik Saʻūd (1999). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=StlOAAAAYAAJ&q=Nagoya+Mosque+1998&dq=Nagoya+Mosque+1998&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y Proceedings of the Symposium on Mosque Architecture: The historic and urban developments of mosque architecture]''. College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University. p. 203.</ref> Up to 2006, a total of 39 mosques had been built,<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> with only two of them having had to have been rebuilt recently (Nagoya<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> and Tokyo Camii).<ref name="2000year"/> By 2014, mosques in Japan have grown into a family of some 200, though not all are strictly mosques, but musallahs (temporary prayer spaces);<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> as land is very expensive to buy. Historically, the "Tokyo Camii Mosque" (1938—1986, 2000—present)<ref name="2000year">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CJwoAQAAMAAJ&q=Tokyo+Camii+rebuilt&dq=Tokyo+Camii+rebuilt&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Japan Journal]''. Japan Journal Limited. 2006. p. 45.</ref> is the most notable for it's history; and association with some of the most important figures in 20th century Japanese history.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014).">Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014). ''[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/japan-rich-muslim-past-present-2014112115633107534.html Japan's rich Muslim past and present]''. Al Jazeera. Retireved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">It was a mosque built by ethnic Tartar Muslims who had escaped Russian persecution during the October Revolution (1917).
#Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014). ''[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/japan-rich-muslim-past-present-2014112115633107534.html Japan's rich Muslim past and present]''. Al Jazeera. Retireved July 15th, 2015.</ref> It was actively supported by the Japanese government, dignitaries, diplomats and domestic companies such as Mitsubishi.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> Turkish companies later took over the funding of the new mosque (it had to be rebuilt because it had suffered from structural damange).<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> The Tokyo Camii also houses the Yuai International School, which teaches karate and calligraphy.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Community Support:—</small> The contruction of mosques by Japanese Muslims is very well supported; for instance in January 2006, ¥100 million yen ($864,985.17 dollars<ref name="hundredmillionindollars">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=USD&amount=100000000&year=2006 US Dollar per 100,000,000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref> or £489,784.79<ref name="hundredmillioninpounds">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=GBP&amount=100000000&year=2006 British Pound per 100000000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref>) was required to buy a two story building for the purposes of creating a (200m<sup>2</sup>) mosque.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> The building was extremely expensive, and a financing endeavor was carried out across Japan in order to meet a four month downpayment deadline, with a desposit of ¥10 million yen ($86,498.52<ref name="tenmillionindollars">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=USD&amount=10000000&year=2006 US Dollar per 10,000,000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref> or £48,978.47<ref name="tenmillioninpounds">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=GBP&amount=10000000&year=2006 British Pound per 10,000,000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref>) to be paid by March.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> Even renting a home in Japan on average costs between ¥75,000—¥78,000 yen alone for those on a monthly salary of ¥250,000 yen.<ref name="Anthony Joh (February 3, 2014).">Anthony Joh (February 3, 2014). ''[http://blog.gaijinpot.com/gpod-11-cost-living-tokyo/ ]''. Gaijinpot. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref> Osaka, Nagoya, Toyama, Niigata and Hokkaido where common Muslim communities are to be found, were called upon to help raise funds.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> One Muslim from Tsunashima, Yokohama was so loyal that he gave away ¥500,000 yen of his ¥520,000 yen savings.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> On July 20th, ¥97 million yen had been raised, with further donations topping up the required amount a few days later.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/>The reason why the mosque was so costly can be placed upon the fact that there is a severe housing shortage in Japan, and it is not uncommon for couples to save up vast amounts of money in order to buy homes,<ref name="Tucker2007">Irvin Tucker (8 January 2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nDlGXrA9B3kC&pg=PA43&dq=why+does+housing+in+Japan+cost+so+much&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=why%20does%20housing%20in%20Japan%20cost%20so%20much&f=false Microeconomics for Today]''. Cengage Learning. p. 43. ISBN 0-324-40800-5.</ref> and even then the average home is very small, consisting of a kitchen, and two small rooms; with one serving as a living room by day.<ref name="Tucker2007"/>
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||[[File:Yokohama Mosque.jpg|thumb|center|220px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">The Yokohama Mosque was an expensive mosque costing more than $864,000 dollars (2006).</div>]]
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! align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Japanese-Muslim Communities in Japan Based on the Presence of Mosques'''
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*Kakamigahara (35.3931°, 136.8361°)
*Gifu (35.4656°, 136.7223°)
*Isesaki (36.3299°, 139.1935°)
*Sakaimachi (36.2725°, 139.2551°)
*Tatebayashi (36.2453°, 139.5344°)
*Otaru (43.2016°, 140.9945°)
*Muroran (42.3660°, 141.0359°)
*Sapporo (43.0772°, 141.3424°)
*Kobe (34.6908°, 135.1763°)
*Madina (36.2314°, 140.3095°)
*Mito (36.3340°, 140.4732°)
*Ashikaga (36.3590°, 139.4135°)
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*Hitachi (36.5735°, 140.6469°)
*Hitachi (Naka 36.3873°, 140.4953°)
*Tsukuba (36.0672°, 140.0431°)
*Takamatsu Musalla (34.3402°, 134.0536°)
*Yokohama (35.5481°, 139.6006°)
*Ebina (35.4575°, 139.3815°)
*Kyoto (35.0220°, 135.7688°)
*Sendai (38.2699°, 140.8472°)
*Niigata Port (37.9837°, 139.2171°)
*Osaka (34.6986°, 135.4191°)
*Osaka Ibaraki (34.8328°, 135.5311°)
*Tokushima (34.0856°, 134.5090°)
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*Gamo (35.8623°, 139.7995°)
*Ichinowari (35.9559°, 139.7664°)
*Saitama (35.8682°, 139.6056°)
*Toda (35.8082°, 139.6668°)
*Yashio (35.7985°, 139.8253°)
*Fuji (35.1675°, 138.7361°)
*Hamamatsu (34.681°, 137.7477°)
*Hachioji (35.6645°, 139.3253°)
*Hiro-o (35.6550°, 139.7307°)
*Ikebukuro Musalla (35.7297°, 139.7051°)
*Indonesia Musalla (35.6343°, 139.7078°)
*Kamata (35.5637°, 139.7203°)
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*Ueno Okachimachi (35.7043°, 139.7793°)
*Otsuka (35.7284°, 139.7307°)
*Asakusa (35.7236°, 139.8003°)
*O-hanajaya (35.7379°, 139.8330°)
*Machida Musalla (35.5426°, 139.4503°)
*Shibuya Mushalla (35.6586°, 139.6981°)
*ShinOkubo Mushalla (35.7037°, 139.6974°)
*Tokyo (35.6692°, 139.6744°)
*Toyama (36.7481°, 137.1082°)
*Oyama (36.2895°, 139.7950°)
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||[[File:Japan Mosques.jpg|thumb|center|270px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Mosques in Japan.</div>]]
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[[File:Kobe-cam25c425b025c425b0252c1945.jpg|thumb|left|300px|left|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Kobe Mosque survived the air-bombings of World War II (June 1945).</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Mosques:—</small> The very first mosque to have ever been built in Japan was by Muslim soldiers who had escaped Russian captivity; constructing it in 1905 in Izumi Otsu, Osaka prefecture (but unfortunately it has not survived to the present day).<ref name="izumiotsu">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I5NtAAAAMAAJ&q=Nagoya+mosque+rebuilt&dq=Nagoya+mosque+rebuilt&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Muslim World]''. Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress. 2000. p. 34.</ref><ref name="Rippin2008">Andrew Rippin (24 October 2008). ''[Andrew Rippin (24 October 2008). World Islam: critical concepts in Islamic studies. Taylor and Francis. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-415-45651-7 World Islam: critical concepts in Islamic studies]''. Taylor and Francis. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-415-45651-7</ref> The second was built in 1914 (Kobe Mosque; which was rebuilt again in 1935 and is currently the oldest surviving mosque in Japan,<ref name="izumiotsu"/><ref name="tempo">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1JUTAQAAMAAJ&q=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&dq=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine]''. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2008. p. 35.</ref> followed by the Nagoya Mosque (constructed in 1931 but destroyed in the second world war<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011">Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (18 October 2011). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1291&dq=Nagoya+Mosque+(1931)&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Nagoya%20Mosque%20(1931)&f=false Encyclopedia of Global Religion]''. SAGE Publications. p. 1291. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.</ref> after American air bombings,<ref name="al-Din1922">Khwajah Kamal al-Din (1922). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YXAvAAAAMAAJ&dq=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nagoya The Islamic Review]''. p. 119.</ref> which killed 250,000 Japanese across Japan in total;<ref>''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0fNtAAAAMAAJ&q=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&dq=Nagoya+mosque+world+war+II+american&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Middle East: Abstracts and index]''. Northumberland Press. 2006. p. 232.</ref> and then rebuilt again in the 1998).<ref name="ṢāliḥQūqānī1999">Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Ṣāliḥ; ʻAbd al-Ḥafīẓ Fidā Muḥammad Qūqānī; Jāmiʻat al-Malik Saʻūd (1999). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=StlOAAAAYAAJ&q=Nagoya+Mosque+1998&dq=Nagoya+Mosque+1998&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y Proceedings of the Symposium on Mosque Architecture: The historic and urban developments of mosque architecture]''. College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University. p. 203.</ref> Up to 2006, a total of 39 mosques had been built,<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> with only two of them having had to have been rebuilt recently (Nagoya<ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2011"/> and Tokyo Camii).<ref name="2000year"/> By 2014, mosques in Japan have grown into a family of some 200, though not all are strictly mosques, but musallahs (temporary prayer spaces);<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> as land is very expensive to buy. Historically, the "Tokyo Camii Mosque" (1938—1986, 2000—present)<ref name="2000year">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CJwoAQAAMAAJ&q=Tokyo+Camii+rebuilt&dq=Tokyo+Camii+rebuilt&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y The Japan Journal]''. Japan Journal Limited. 2006. p. 45.</ref> is the most notable for it's history; and association with some of the most important figures in 20th century Japanese history.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014).">Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014). ''[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/japan-rich-muslim-past-present-2014112115633107534.html Japan's rich Muslim past and present]''. Al Jazeera. Retireved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">It was a mosque built by ethnic Tartar Muslims who had escaped Russian persecution during the October Revolution (1917).
#Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014). ''[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/11/japan-rich-muslim-past-present-2014112115633107534.html Japan's rich Muslim past and present]''. Al Jazeera. Retireved July 15th, 2015.</ref> It was actively supported by the Japanese government, dignitaries, diplomats and domestic companies such as Mitsubishi.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> Turkish companies later took over the funding of the new mosque (it had to be rebuilt because it had suffered from structural damange).<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> The Tokyo Camii also houses the Yuai International School, which teaches karate and calligraphy.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/>
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[[File:Yokohama Mosque.jpg|thumb|right|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">The Yokohama Mosque was an expensive mosque costing more than $864,000 dollars (2006).</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Community Support:—</small> The contruction of mosques by Japanese Muslims is very well supported; for instance in January 2006, ¥100 million yen ($864,985.17 dollars<ref name="hundredmillionindollars">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=USD&amount=100000000&year=2006 US Dollar per 100,000,000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref> or £489,784.79<ref name="hundredmillioninpounds">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=GBP&amount=100000000&year=2006 British Pound per 100000000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref>) was required to buy a two story building for the purposes of creating a (200m<sup>2</sup>) mosque.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> The building was extremely expensive, and a financing endeavor was carried out across Japan in order to meet a four month downpayment deadline, with a desposit of ¥10 million yen ($86,498.52<ref name="tenmillionindollars">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=USD&amount=10000000&year=2006 US Dollar per 10,000,000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref> or £48,978.47<ref name="tenmillioninpounds">''[http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=JPY&to=GBP&amount=10000000&year=2006 British Pound per 10,000,000 Japanese Yen Monthly average]''. X-RATES. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref>) to be paid by March.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> Even renting a home in Japan on average costs between ¥75,000—¥78,000 yen alone for those on a monthly salary of ¥250,000 yen.<ref name="Anthony Joh (February 3, 2014).">Anthony Joh (February 3, 2014). ''[http://blog.gaijinpot.com/gpod-11-cost-living-tokyo/ ]''. Gaijinpot. Retrieved July 19th, 2015.</ref> Osaka, Nagoya, Toyama, Niigata and Hokkaido where common Muslim communities are to be found, were called upon to help raise funds.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> One Muslim from Tsunashima, Yokohama was so loyal that he gave away ¥500,000 yen of his ¥520,000 yen savings.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/> On July 20th, ¥97 million yen had been raised, with further donations topping up the required amount a few days later.<ref name="Kawakami Yasunori (May 4, 2007)."/>The reason why the mosque was so costly can be placed upon the fact that there is a severe housing shortage in Japan, and it is not uncommon for couples to save up vast amounts of money in order to buy homes,<ref name="Tucker2007">Irvin Tucker (8 January 2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nDlGXrA9B3kC&pg=PA43&dq=why+does+housing+in+Japan+cost+so+much&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=why%20does%20housing%20in%20Japan%20cost%20so%20much&f=false Microeconomics for Today]''. Cengage Learning. p. 43. ISBN 0-324-40800-5.</ref> and even then the average home is very small, consisting of a kitchen, and two small rooms; with one serving as a living room by day.<ref name="Tucker2007"/>
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==SOCIETY==
===Security===
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Buddhist Terrorism:—</small> Japan pledged to give $3.5 million dollars to the ''"International Organization for Migration"'' (IOM) and the ''"UN High Commissioner for Refugees"'' in response to the Rohingya genocide<ref name="Zigor Aldama (4 February 2014).">Zigor Aldama (4 February 2014). ''[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/myanmar-buddhist-rohingya-ethnic-divide-20142211421962209.html Myanmar's Buddhist-Rohingya ethnic divide]''. Al Jazeera. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> in June 2015,<ref name="presstv3.5million">''[http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2015/06/20/416697/Japan-Myanmar-Rohingya-United-Nations-University-Tokyo-Fumio-Kishida- Japan offers $3.5m aid for Rohingya Muslims]''. June 20th, 2015. Press TV. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="japantimes3.5million">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/20/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-provide-3-5-million-emergency-aid-rohingya-migrants/#.Vabsd_lViko Japan to provide $3.5 million in emergency aid for Rohingya migrants]''. June 20th, 2015. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> which was caused by Buddhist terrorists (specifically by the Theravada sect<ref name="Sara Malm (8 May 2013).">Sara Malm (8 May 2013). ''[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2321278/Dalai-Lama-pleads-Buddhist-monks-end-deadly-attacks-Muslims-Burma-Sri-Lanka.html#comments Dalai Lama pleads with Buddhist monks to end deadly attacks on Muslims in Burma and Sri Lanka]''. The Daily Mail. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> which has 100 million followers;<ref name="Kislenko2004">Arne Kislenko (1 January 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VW904h09qE8C&pg=PA27&dq=Theravada+100+million&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAGoVChMIv5jI2ZLgxgIVAUrbCh2imAcV#v=onepage&q=Theravada%20100%20million&f=false Culture and Customs of Thailand]''. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-313-32128-3.</ref> which dominates<ref name="Kislenko2004"/> Sri Lanka and Myanamar).<ref name="Usaid Siddiqui (February 18, 2015).">Usaid Siddiqui (February 18, 2015). ''[http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/2/myanmars-buddhist-terrorism-problem.html Myanmar’s Buddhist terrorism problem]''. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> It is notable that it is often Muslim children who are targeted by these Buddhist extremists and eventually murdered in vicious pogroms<ref name="Philip Sherwell (19 June 2015).">Philip Sherwell (19 June 2015). ''[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/11685325/Aung-San-Suu-Kyi-at-70-is-human-rights-heroine-tarnished-by-her-silence-on-persecution.html Aung San Suu Kyi at 70: is human rights heroine tarnished by her silence on persecution?]''. The Telegraph. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> across Myanamar for not following Buddhism.<ref name="Alex Preston (February 11th, 2015)">Alex Preston (February 11th, 2015). ''[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2015-02/12/ashin-wirathu-audience-with-the-buddhist-bin-laden-burma Saffron Terror: an audience with Burma's 'Buddhist Bin Laden’ Ashin Wirathu]''. GQ Magazine. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Japan has also suffered from Buddhist terrorism in the past.<ref name="Religion2008"/> In 1995 the Aum Shinrikyo Buddhist movement launched a successful chemical weapons attack, releasing toxic sarin nerve gas on Tokyo's crowded train systems, which lead to the deaths of 12 people and the wounding of 3,796 people.<ref name="Religion2008"> Rutgers University James Jones Professor Department of Religion (14 March 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0RYbdOui4gkC&pg=PA71&dq=buddhist+tokyo+sarin+gas+attack&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAWoVChMIx7ne6obgxgIVTFnbCh1xEwTI#v=onepage&q=buddhist%20tokyo%20sarin%20gas%20attack&f=false Blood That Cries Out From the Earth: The Psychology of Religious Terrorism: The Psychology of Religious Terrorism]''. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-804431-4.</ref> The movement also holds extremist Hindu beliefs.<ref name="Chalk2012">Peter Chalk (21 November 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czK7lIU7m1oC&pg=PT110&dq=buddhist+tokyo+sarin+gas+attack&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCWoVChMIx7ne6obgxgIVTFnbCh1xEwTI#v=onepage&q=buddhist%20tokyo%20sarin%20gas%20attack&f=false Encyclopedia of Terrorism]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-313-38535-3.</ref> On the 20th anniversary of the attacks a total of 13 deaths have been linked to it,<ref name="upisarinvictims">''[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/03/11/Report-Sarin-gas-attack-victims-higher/UPI-84651268322340/ Report: Sarin gas attack victims higher]''. March 11, 2010. UPI. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> and 6,252<ref name="upisarinvictims"/> have been counted as injured.<ref name="Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015).">Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015). ''[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/20/tokyo-subway-sarin-attack_n_6896754.html 20 Years Ago, A Shadowy Cult Poisoned The Tokyo Subway]''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Several further terrorist attacks by the Buddhists were foiled in the later months that followed, most notably the Shinjuku train station cyanide attack in Tokyo (up to 20,000 Japanese would have died)<ref name="deseretnews20,000"/> and the Kayabacho attack which was designed to murder 9,000 Japanese.<ref name="deseretnews20,000">''[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/425960/HERES-A-CHRONOLOGY-OF-POISON-GAS-ATTACKS-IN-JAPAN.html?pg=all HERE'S A CHRONOLOGY OF POISON GAS ATTACKS IN JAPAN]''. July 5 1995. Deseretnews. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> 200 Buddhists were later convicted, with at least 12 on death row.<ref name="Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015)."/> It has two offshoots, the ''"Aleph"'' and ''"Hikari no Wa"''.<ref name="Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015)."/>
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[[File:Burma-01-GQ 12Feb15 getty b 813x494.jpg|thumb|170px|center|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Buddhist terrorists often target children.<ref name="Alex Preston (February 11th, 2015)"/></div>]]
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[[File:Burma-01-GQ 12Feb15 getty b 813x494.jpg|thumb|300px|left|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Buddhist terrorists often target children.<ref name="Alex Preston (February 11th, 2015)"/></div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Buddhist Terrorism:—</small> Japan pledged to give $3.5 million dollars to the ''"International Organization for Migration"'' (IOM) and the ''"UN High Commissioner for Refugees"'' in response to the Rohingya genocide<ref name="Zigor Aldama (4 February 2014).">Zigor Aldama (4 February 2014). ''[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/02/myanmar-buddhist-rohingya-ethnic-divide-20142211421962209.html Myanmar's Buddhist-Rohingya ethnic divide]''. Al Jazeera. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> in June 2015,<ref name="presstv3.5million">''[http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2015/06/20/416697/Japan-Myanmar-Rohingya-United-Nations-University-Tokyo-Fumio-Kishida- Japan offers $3.5m aid for Rohingya Muslims]''. June 20th, 2015. Press TV. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="japantimes3.5million">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/20/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-provide-3-5-million-emergency-aid-rohingya-migrants/#.Vabsd_lViko Japan to provide $3.5 million in emergency aid for Rohingya migrants]''. June 20th, 2015. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> which was caused by Buddhist terrorists (specifically by the Theravada sect<ref name="Sara Malm (8 May 2013).">Sara Malm (8 May 2013). ''[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2321278/Dalai-Lama-pleads-Buddhist-monks-end-deadly-attacks-Muslims-Burma-Sri-Lanka.html#comments Dalai Lama pleads with Buddhist monks to end deadly attacks on Muslims in Burma and Sri Lanka]''. The Daily Mail. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> which has 100 million followers;<ref name="Kislenko2004">Arne Kislenko (1 January 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VW904h09qE8C&pg=PA27&dq=Theravada+100+million&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAGoVChMIv5jI2ZLgxgIVAUrbCh2imAcV#v=onepage&q=Theravada%20100%20million&f=false Culture and Customs of Thailand]''. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-313-32128-3.</ref> which dominates<ref name="Kislenko2004"/> Sri Lanka and Myanamar).<ref name="Usaid Siddiqui (February 18, 2015).">Usaid Siddiqui (February 18, 2015). ''[http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2015/2/myanmars-buddhist-terrorism-problem.html Myanmar’s Buddhist terrorism problem]''. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> It is notable that it is often Muslim children who are targeted by these Buddhist extremists and eventually murdered in vicious pogroms<ref name="Philip Sherwell (19 June 2015).">Philip Sherwell (19 June 2015). ''[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/11685325/Aung-San-Suu-Kyi-at-70-is-human-rights-heroine-tarnished-by-her-silence-on-persecution.html Aung San Suu Kyi at 70: is human rights heroine tarnished by her silence on persecution?]''. The Telegraph. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> across Myanamar for not following Buddhism.<ref name="Alex Preston (February 11th, 2015)">Alex Preston (February 11th, 2015). ''[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2015-02/12/ashin-wirathu-audience-with-the-buddhist-bin-laden-burma Saffron Terror: an audience with Burma's 'Buddhist Bin Laden’ Ashin Wirathu]''. GQ Magazine. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Japan has also suffered from Buddhist terrorism in the past.<ref name="Religion2008"/> In 1995 the Aum Shinrikyo Buddhist movement launched a successful chemical weapons attack, releasing toxic sarin nerve gas on Tokyo's crowded train systems, which lead to the deaths of 12 people and the wounding of 3,796 people.<ref name="Religion2008"> Rutgers University James Jones Professor Department of Religion (14 March 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0RYbdOui4gkC&pg=PA71&dq=buddhist+tokyo+sarin+gas+attack&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAWoVChMIx7ne6obgxgIVTFnbCh1xEwTI#v=onepage&q=buddhist%20tokyo%20sarin%20gas%20attack&f=false Blood That Cries Out From the Earth: The Psychology of Religious Terrorism: The Psychology of Religious Terrorism]''. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-19-804431-4.</ref> The movement also holds extremist Hindu beliefs.<ref name="Chalk2012">Peter Chalk (21 November 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=czK7lIU7m1oC&pg=PT110&dq=buddhist+tokyo+sarin+gas+attack&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCWoVChMIx7ne6obgxgIVTFnbCh1xEwTI#v=onepage&q=buddhist%20tokyo%20sarin%20gas%20attack&f=false Encyclopedia of Terrorism]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-313-38535-3.</ref> On the 20th anniversary of the attacks a total of 13 deaths have been linked to it,<ref name="upisarinvictims">''[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/03/11/Report-Sarin-gas-attack-victims-higher/UPI-84651268322340/ Report: Sarin gas attack victims higher]''. March 11, 2010. UPI. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> and 6,252<ref name="upisarinvictims"/> have been counted as injured.<ref name="Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015).">Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015). ''[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/20/tokyo-subway-sarin-attack_n_6896754.html 20 Years Ago, A Shadowy Cult Poisoned The Tokyo Subway]''. The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Several further terrorist attacks by the Buddhists were foiled in the later months that followed, most notably the Shinjuku train station cyanide attack in Tokyo (up to 20,000 Japanese would have died)<ref name="deseretnews20,000"/> and the Kayabacho attack which was designed to murder 9,000 Japanese.<ref name="deseretnews20,000">''[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/425960/HERES-A-CHRONOLOGY-OF-POISON-GAS-ATTACKS-IN-JAPAN.html?pg=all HERE'S A CHRONOLOGY OF POISON GAS ATTACKS IN JAPAN]''. July 5 1995. Deseretnews. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> 200 Buddhists were later convicted, with at least 12 on death row.<ref name="Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015)."/> It has two offshoots, the ''"Aleph"'' and ''"Hikari no Wa"''.<ref name="Charlotte Alfred (March 20th, 2015)."/>
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===Racism===
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Discrimination:—</small> Muslims face institutionalized discrimination in Japan. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police (TMP) is known to have organised massive systematic surveillance of Muslims; having stalked them, followed them to their homes, obtained names and addresses from governmental alien registration records, and profiled more than 70,000 individuals, accumulated bank account information, balances, income and expenses and other personal information.<ref name="surveillance">''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Asia_Pacific_Journal-Feature/4190/article.html Police Surveillance of Muslims and Human Rights in Japan イスラム教徒と警察監視　日本における人権とは]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No.1, September 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015.</ref> Islamic charities were also subjected to implanted agents; and the same was the case for halal shops and restaurants, and ''"other places that might be frequented by members of Tokyo’s Muslim community"''.<ref name="surveillance"/> The police additionally installed covert surveillance cameras in mosques and other places.<ref name="surveillance"/> The police also formed a ''“mosque squad”'' that consisted of 43 agents in June 2008.<ref name="surveillance"/> If all were hypothetically Muslim this would mean that 58%—100% of the Muslim population has secretly underwent through this secret surveillance based on a widely quoted demographic of 70,000—120,000<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> Japanese-Muslims.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> The secretive surveillance was exposed in October 2010 when more than 100 documents were leaked Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.<ref name="surveillance"/> Within seven months, 17 plaintiffs filed a lawsuit, that included Japanese citizens themselves, along with individuals from Tunisia, Algeria, Iran and Morocco.<ref name="surveillance"/><ref group="n.">According to JapanFocus Journal; "Their complaint asserted that the police action violated three separate provisions of Japan’s Constitution: Article 13, which guarantees a right to privacy, Article 14, which prohibits discrimination based on “race, creed, sex, social status, or family origin,” and Article 20, which guarantees freedom of religion. They also claimed the police action violated other laws and regulations that protect personal information". The court awarded the plaintiffs 90 million yen on January 15, 2014; however this was only in relation to "disclosure of their confidential information".
#''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Asia_Pacific_Journal-Feature/4190/article.html Police Surveillance of Muslims and Human Rights in Japan イスラム教徒と警察監視　日本における人権とは]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No.1, September 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015</ref> Although unsuccessful, they were awarded ¥90 million yen.<ref group="n.">The court awarded the plaintiffs ¥90 million yen on January 15, 2014; however this was only in relation to "disclosure of their confidential information".
#''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Asia_Pacific_Journal-Feature/4190/article.html Police Surveillance of Muslims and Human Rights in Japan イスラム教徒と警察監視　日本における人権とは]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No.1, September 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015</ref>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Japanese Racism:—</small> The 2015 Syrian refugee crisis has also brought attention to Japanese racism. Although the Japanese government pledged $810 million dollars to help the refugees,<ref name="bbc1.5billion">''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34398411 Migrant crisis: Japan pledges $1.5bn for aid and peace-building]''. 30 September 2015. BBC News. Retrieved November 9th, 2015.</ref> the Japanese have rejected 4,989 asylum seekers out of 5,000 applicants (an acceptance rate of 0.22%).<ref name="bbc1.5billion"/> The Prime Minister has stated ''"[b]efore accepting immigrants or refugees, we need to have more activities by women, by elderly people and we must raise [the] birthrate"''. Perhaps one of the most outrageous incidents involved amateur manga artist, Toshiko Hasumi, who published a caricature attacking Syrian refugee children (Hasumi modified the drawing from a real photograph taken by Jonathan Hyams from a Syrian refugee camp in Lebanon). The little girl was drawn smirking with the words ''"I want to live a safe and clean life, eat gourmet food, go out, wear pretty things, and live a luxurious life...all at the expense of someone else...I have an idea. I'll become a refugee"''. This was shared over 2,000 times by the Japanese.<ref name="Eric Stimson (5th October 2015).">Eric Stimson (5th October 2015). ''[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-10-05/unsympathetic-illustration-of-refugee-sparks-uproar-in-japan/.93701 Unsympathetic Illustration of Refugee Sparks Uproar]''. Anime News Network. Retrieved November 9th, 2015.</ref> Hyam's himself responded to the drawing saying he was ''"saddened anyone would choose to use an image of an innocent child to express such perverse prejudice"''. Hasumi later somewhat backtracked, and said ''"I am just denying those 'fake refugees' pretending like victims who are acting for their own benefit..."''.<ref name="Tomohiro Osaki (2nd October 2015).">Tomohiro Osaki (2nd October 2015). ''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/10/02/national/social-issues/racist-illustration-refugee-girl-sparks-ire-among-japans-netizens/#.VkEUALfhCKr ‘Racist’ illustration of refugee girl sparks ire among Japan’s netizens]''. The Japan Times. Retrieved November 9th, 2015.</ref> Hasumi later again made headlines for publishing the same drawing in her latest book, a racist book about attacking minorities all over Japan, including Koreans.<ref name="Tomohiro Osaki (December 22, 2015).">Tomohiro Osaki (December 22, 2015). ''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/22/national/social-issues/manga-artist-hasumi-stirs-outrage-new-book-slammed-racist/#.VtsqupyLTIU Manga artist Hasumi stirs outrage again with new book slammed as racist]''. The Japan Times. Retrieved March 5th, 2016.</ref> This is in spite of the fact that the Emperor of Japan has Korean ancestry, descended from half-Korean Emperor Kammu.<ref name="Jonathan Watts (28 December 2001).">Jonathan Watts (28 December 2001). ''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/28/japan.worlddispatch The emperor's new roots]''. The Guardian. Retrieved March 5th, 2016.</ref> Her public facebook page can be found [https://www.facebook.com/sabarisalovelove?_rdr=p here] where she also published the caricature.<ref group="n.">She is also friends with a 4 ft racist Texan, called ''"Propaganda Buster"'', who's YouTube channel can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjLzneUpVMc&feature=share here].</ref>
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[[File:Syrian Refugee Girl painted evil.jpg|thumb|center|100px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Hasumi's drawing.</div>]]
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[[File:02 (1).jpg|thumb|right|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">The Tokyo Metropolitan Police secretly spies on the majority (58%-100%) Muslims.</div>]]

<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;">
<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Discrimination:—</small> Muslims face institutionalized discrimination in Japan. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police (TMP) is known to have organised massive systematic surveillance of Muslims; having stalked them, followed them to their homes, obtained names and addresses from governmental alien registration records, and profiled more than 70,000 individuals, accumulated bank account information, balances, income and expenses and other personal information.<ref name="surveillance">''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Asia_Pacific_Journal-Feature/4190/article.html Police Surveillance of Muslims and Human Rights in Japan イスラム教徒と警察監視　日本における人権とは]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No.1, September 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015.</ref> Islamic charities were also subjected to implanted agents; and the same was the case for halal shops and restaurants, and ''"other places that might be frequented by members of Tokyo’s Muslim community"''.<ref name="surveillance"/> The police additionally installed covert surveillance cameras in mosques and other places.<ref name="surveillance"/> The police also formed a ''“mosque squad”'' that consisted of 43 agents in June 2008.<ref name="surveillance"/> If all were hypothetically Muslim this would mean that 58%—100% of the Muslim population has secretly underwent through this secret surveillance based on a widely quoted demographic of 70,000—120,000<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> Japanese-Muslims.<ref name="Samee Siddiqui (03 November 2014)."/> The secretive surveillance was exposed in October 2010 when more than 100 documents were leaked Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.<ref name="surveillance"/> Within seven months, 17 plaintiffs filed a lawsuit, that included Japanese citizens themselves, along with individuals from Tunisia, Algeria, Iran and Morocco.<ref name="surveillance"/><ref group="n.">According to JapanFocus Journal; "Their complaint asserted that the police action violated three separate provisions of Japan’s Constitution: Article 13, which guarantees a right to privacy, Article 14, which prohibits discrimination based on “race, creed, sex, social status, or family origin,” and Article 20, which guarantees freedom of religion. They also claimed the police action violated other laws and regulations that protect personal information". The court awarded the plaintiffs 90 million yen on January 15, 2014; however this was only in relation to "disclosure of their confidential information".
#''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Asia_Pacific_Journal-Feature/4190/article.html Police Surveillance of Muslims and Human Rights in Japan イスラム教徒と警察監視　日本における人権とは]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No.1, September 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015</ref> Although unsuccessful, they were awarded ¥90 million yen.<ref group="n.">The court awarded the plaintiffs ¥90 million yen on January 15, 2014; however this was only in relation to "disclosure of their confidential information".
#''[http://www.japanfocus.org/-Asia_Pacific_Journal-Feature/4190/article.html Police Surveillance of Muslims and Human Rights in Japan イスラム教徒と警察監視　日本における人権とは]''. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 39, No.1, September 29, 2014. Retrieved July 22nd, 2015</ref>
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[[File:Syrian Refugee Girl painted evil.jpg|thumb|left|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Hasumi's drawing.</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Japanese Racism:—</small> The 2015 Syrian refugee crisis has also brought attention to Japanese racism. Although the Japanese government pledged $810 million dollars to help the refugees,<ref name="bbc1.5billion">''[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34398411 Migrant crisis: Japan pledges $1.5bn for aid and peace-building]''. 30 September 2015. BBC News. Retrieved November 9th, 2015.</ref> the Japanese have rejected 4,989 asylum seekers out of 5,000 applicants (an acceptance rate of 0.22%).<ref name="bbc1.5billion"/> The Prime Minister has stated ''"[b]efore accepting immigrants or refugees, we need to have more activities by women, by elderly people and we must raise [the] birthrate"''. Perhaps one of the most outrageous incidents involved amateur manga artist, Toshiko Hasumi, who published a caricature attacking Syrian refugee children (Hasumi modified the drawing from a real photograph taken by Jonathan Hyams from a Syrian refugee camp in Lebanon). The little girl was drawn smirking with the words ''"I want to live a safe and clean life, eat gourmet food, go out, wear pretty things, and live a luxurious life...all at the expense of someone else...I have an idea. I'll become a refugee"''. This was shared over 2,000 times by the Japanese.<ref name="Eric Stimson (5th October 2015).">Eric Stimson (5th October 2015). ''[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-10-05/unsympathetic-illustration-of-refugee-sparks-uproar-in-japan/.93701 Unsympathetic Illustration of Refugee Sparks Uproar]''. Anime News Network. Retrieved November 9th, 2015.</ref> Hyam's himself responded to the drawing saying he was ''"saddened anyone would choose to use an image of an innocent child to express such perverse prejudice"''. Hasumi later somewhat backtracked, and said ''"I am just denying those 'fake refugees' pretending like victims who are acting for their own benefit..."''.<ref name="Tomohiro Osaki (2nd October 2015).">Tomohiro Osaki (2nd October 2015). ''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/10/02/national/social-issues/racist-illustration-refugee-girl-sparks-ire-among-japans-netizens/#.VkEUALfhCKr ‘Racist’ illustration of refugee girl sparks ire among Japan’s netizens]''. The Japan Times. Retrieved November 9th, 2015.</ref> Hasumi later again made headlines for publishing the same drawing in her latest book, a racist book about attacking minorities all over Japan, including Koreans.<ref name="Tomohiro Osaki (December 22, 2015).">Tomohiro Osaki (December 22, 2015). ''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/22/national/social-issues/manga-artist-hasumi-stirs-outrage-new-book-slammed-racist/#.VtsqupyLTIU Manga artist Hasumi stirs outrage again with new book slammed as racist]''. The Japan Times. Retrieved March 5th, 2016.</ref> This is in spite of the fact that the Emperor of Japan has Korean ancestry, descended from half-Korean Emperor Kammu.<ref name="Jonathan Watts (28 December 2001).">Jonathan Watts (28 December 2001). ''[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/28/japan.worlddispatch The emperor's new roots]''. The Guardian. Retrieved March 5th, 2016.</ref> Her public facebook page can be found [https://www.facebook.com/sabarisalovelove?_rdr=p here] where she also published the caricature.<ref group="n.">She is also friends with a 4 ft racist Texan, called ''"Propaganda Buster"'', who's YouTube channel can be found [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjLzneUpVMc&feature=share here].</ref>
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==ECONOMY==
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Tourism:—</small> In the mid 2000's finding halal food in Japan was extremely difficult, as it was seldom sold in the country; however Muslim tourists by the early 2010s are now highly valued, especially after the government set the aim to have 20—25 million tourists annually by 2020, in time for the Summer Olympic Games.<ref name="Kit Tang (17th August 2014).">Kit Tang (17th August 2014). ''[http://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/17/how-japan-is-courting-muslim-tourists.html How Japan is courting Muslim tourists ]''. CNBC. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="Leila B. Salaverria (October 8th, 2013)">Leila B. Salaverria (October 8th, 2013). ''[http://globalnation.inquirer.net/87313/japan-eyes-muslim-tourist-market Japan eyes Muslim tourist market]''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The Japanese are committed to having an alternative tourist market, which previously comprised of Taiwanese, South Korean and Chinese tourists; but recent geo-political tensions have forced Japan to look for tourists elsewhere.<ref name="Kit Tang (17th August 2014)."/> For Muslims who want to visit Japan, a ''"Halalminds"'' app (made by Indonesian Agung Pambudi), financed with $3,000 dollars, was published in order to help Muslims find halal businesses; and within four months was downloaded more than 4,000 times.<ref name="Kit Tang (17th August 2014)."/> In 2004, 150,000 Muslims visited Japan, representing 2.4% of total visitors to Japan.<ref name="Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015)"/> In 2013, this doubled to 300,000 (2.9%).<ref name="Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015)"/>  Malaysia had 158,500 visitors and Indonesia had 111,400 visitors in 2014.<ref name="Haruka Nagu (November 11th, 2014).">Haruka Nagu (November 11th, 2014). ''[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/11/japan-tries-to-tap-growing-muslim-tourist-market/?page=all Japan taps growing Muslim tourist market]''. Washington Times. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> By 2020, Japan is predicted to have 1,000,000 Muslim tourists, who will represent 4% of the total amount of visitors to the country.<ref name="Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015)">Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015). ''[http://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/halal-products-draw-more-muslim-tourists-to-japan Halal products draw more Muslim tourists to Japan]''. Japan Today (originally published in the "The Journal; ACCJ"). Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The Japanese themselves are well known for exploring the world, in 2004, 23 million tourists went abroad, compared to only 6 million who visited the country.<ref name="Berger2010">Arthur Asa Berger (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cf_OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR19&dq=Where+do+japanese+tourists+go&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAWoVChMIvZak5NfgxgIVkgfbCh2oagjX#v=onepage&q=Where%20do%20japanese%20tourists%20go&f=false Tourism in Japan: An Ethno-semiotic Analysis]''. Channel View Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84541-133-6.</ref> This tourism divide can largely be placed down to publicity problems, overtly high costs of living in Japan, lack of help for translations, non-friendly convenience issues unique to Japan coupled with lack of free wifi access.<ref name="Cara Clegg (January 16, 2015).">Cara Clegg (January 16, 2015). ''[http://www.japantoday.com/category/travel/view/why-is-japan-such-an-unpopular-tourist-destination Why is Japan such an unpopular tourist destination?]''.  January 19th, 2015. Japan Today (originally published at RocketNews24). Retrived July 15th, 2015.</ref>
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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Bilateral Trade:—</small> Japan has significant bilateral trade relations with Muslim states. It had imports totaling $793 billion dollars in 2012, of whom, $219.06 billion dollars (27.6%) was just from 22 Muslim countries (Saudi Arabia (26.5%), UAE (21.4%), Indonesia (18.0%), Qatar (17.6%), Malaysia (16.5%) alone which totaled $179.19 billion dollars).<ref name="Alexander Simoesexportjapan">Alexander Simoes. ''[https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/tree_map/hs/import/jpn/show/all/2012/ Export destinations of Japan (2012)]''. Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> This is significantly more than Japan trades with the US, which since 1995 has hovered around the $60-$70 billion dollar mark.<ref name="Alexander Simoesexportjapan"/> Trade with the apartheid state of Israel stands at $0.8 billion dollars, and Palestinian $26,451.<ref name="Alexander Simoesexportjapan"/> Japanese exports in contrast total $70.4 billion dollars to Islamic countries, with the top five (Indonesia (35.2%), Malaysia (29.7%), UAE (15.0%), Saudi Arabia (14.0%) and Oman (6.07%)) totaling $58 billion dollars.<ref name="Alexander Simoes.exportsfromjapan">Alexander Simoes. ''[https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/tree_map/hs/export/jpn/show/all/2012/ Export destinations of Japan (2012)]''. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Trade with the apartheid state of Israel is at $1.6 billion dollars compared to Palestinian $5,386,056 dollars.<ref name="Alexander Simoes.exportsfromjapan"/> As of 2014, the GDP of all Muslim countries stands at $6.265 trillion dollars. Islamic spending in addition is worth an estimated $5 trillion dollars. As a result the Japanese have begun embracing certified halal industrialization, which includes specialising in halal food, medicine and cosmetics.<ref name="Yo-Jung Chen (March 12, 2015).">Yo-Jung Chen (March 12, 2015). ''[http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/japan-to-asean-tourists-yes-terrorists-no/ Japan to ASEAN: Tourists Yes, Terrorists No]''. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">According to the Japan Islam Cultural Center, between 20—30 Japanese companies a year are obtaining halal certified licenses to sell halal products to Muslims compared to only five annually at the start of the century.
#Yo-Jung Chen (March 12, 2015). ''[http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/japan-to-asean-tourists-yes-terrorists-no/ Japan to ASEAN: Tourists Yes, Terrorists No]''. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The global halal tourism industry is currently worth an estimated $140 billion dollars, and by 2020 it will be worth an estimated upwards of $200 billion dollars.<ref name="Sarah Diaa (July 12th, 2015).">Sarah Diaa (July 12th, 2015). ''[http://www.albawaba.com/business/abu-dhabis-secret-boosting-tourism-unesco-world-heritage-sites-718656 Abu Dhabi's secret to boosting tourism? UNESCO World Heritage sites]''. AlBawaba. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="indawn">''[http://www.dawn.com/news/1165197 Indonesia prays Islamic tourism drive can draw more visitors]''. April 10th, 2015. Dawn. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="MVOnIslam">''[http://muslimvillage.com/2015/03/30/76770/two-muslim-cities-named-top-destinations-world/ Two Muslim cities named top destinations in the world]''. Muslim Village (originally from "OnIslam"; on March 26th, 2015). March 30, 2015. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The halal food industry alone will be worth $1.6 trillion dollars by 2018.<ref name="1.6trillion">''[http://www.emirates247.com/business/global-halal-food-market-to-reach-1-6-trillion-by-2018-2014-08-11-1.559037 Global halal food market to reach $1.6 trillion by 2018]''. August 11, 2014. Emirates247. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI) however said at the end of 2014 it was worth $2 trillion dollars.<ref name="Abdul Hannan Tago (4 December 2014).">Abdul Hannan Tago (4 December 2014). ''[http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/669456 Halal food market stands at $2 trillion worldwide]''. Arab News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">Muslim themselves however only have a $700 billion dollar stake (35%) in the market.
#Abdul Hannan Tago (4 December 2014). ''[http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/669456 Halal food market stands at $2 trillion worldwide]''. Arab News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref>
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<!-------------MOBILE VERSION ---------------------->
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[[File:Nn20130712a5a-870x524.jpg|thumb|right|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Japanese Muslims offering free meals to other Japanese.<ref name="japan200meals">''[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/07/11/national/free-meals-help-mosque-show-islam-to-japan/#.VafS1_lVikp Free meals help mosque show Islam to Japan]''. The Japan Times. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref></div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Tourism:—</small> In the mid 2000's finding halal food in Japan was extremely difficult, as it was seldom sold in the country; however Muslim tourists by the early 2010s are now highly valued, especially after the government set the aim to have 20—25 million tourists annually by 2020, in time for the Summer Olympic Games.<ref name="Kit Tang (17th August 2014).">Kit Tang (17th August 2014). ''[http://www.cnbc.com/2014/08/17/how-japan-is-courting-muslim-tourists.html How Japan is courting Muslim tourists ]''. CNBC. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="Leila B. Salaverria (October 8th, 2013)">Leila B. Salaverria (October 8th, 2013). ''[http://globalnation.inquirer.net/87313/japan-eyes-muslim-tourist-market Japan eyes Muslim tourist market]''. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The Japanese are committed to having an alternative tourist market, which previously comprised of Taiwanese, South Korean and Chinese tourists; but recent geo-political tensions have forced Japan to look for tourists elsewhere.<ref name="Kit Tang (17th August 2014)."/> For Muslims who want to visit Japan, a ''"Halalminds"'' app (made by Indonesian Agung Pambudi), financed with $3,000 dollars, was published in order to help Muslims find halal businesses; and within four months was downloaded more than 4,000 times.<ref name="Kit Tang (17th August 2014)."/> In 2004, 150,000 Muslims visited Japan, representing 2.4% of total visitors to Japan.<ref name="Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015)"/> In 2013, this doubled to 300,000 (2.9%).<ref name="Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015)"/>  Malaysia had 158,500 visitors and Indonesia had 111,400 visitors in 2014.<ref name="Haruka Nagu (November 11th, 2014).">Haruka Nagu (November 11th, 2014). ''[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/nov/11/japan-tries-to-tap-growing-muslim-tourist-market/?page=all Japan taps growing Muslim tourist market]''. Washington Times. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> By 2020, Japan is predicted to have 1,000,000 Muslim tourists, who will represent 4% of the total amount of visitors to the country.<ref name="Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015)">Tom Benner (July 9th, 2015). ''[http://www.japantoday.com/category/lifestyle/view/halal-products-draw-more-muslim-tourists-to-japan Halal products draw more Muslim tourists to Japan]''. Japan Today (originally published in the "The Journal; ACCJ"). Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The Japanese themselves are well known for exploring the world, in 2004, 23 million tourists went abroad, compared to only 6 million who visited the country.<ref name="Berger2010">Arthur Asa Berger (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cf_OBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR19&dq=Where+do+japanese+tourists+go&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAWoVChMIvZak5NfgxgIVkgfbCh2oagjX#v=onepage&q=Where%20do%20japanese%20tourists%20go&f=false Tourism in Japan: An Ethno-semiotic Analysis]''. Channel View Publications. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84541-133-6.</ref> This tourism divide can largely be placed down to publicity problems, overtly high costs of living in Japan, lack of help for translations, non-friendly convenience issues unique to Japan coupled with lack of free wifi access.<ref name="Cara Clegg (January 16, 2015).">Cara Clegg (January 16, 2015). ''[http://www.japantoday.com/category/travel/view/why-is-japan-such-an-unpopular-tourist-destination Why is Japan such an unpopular tourist destination?]''.  January 19th, 2015. Japan Today (originally published at RocketNews24). Retrived July 15th, 2015.</ref>
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[[File:AJ201502220005M.jpg|thumb|left|300px|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Halal Japanese food.</div>]]

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<small style="border:1px solid; padding:1px 3px; background:#ff0000; color:#FFFFFF; white-space:nowrap">Bilateral Trade:—</small> Japan has significant bilateral trade relations with Muslim states. It had imports totaling $793 billion dollars in 2012, of whom, $219.06 billion dollars (27.6%) was just from 22 Muslim countries (Saudi Arabia (26.5%), UAE (21.4%), Indonesia (18.0%), Qatar (17.6%), Malaysia (16.5%) alone which totaled $179.19 billion dollars).<ref name="Alexander Simoesexportjapan">Alexander Simoes. ''[https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/tree_map/hs/import/jpn/show/all/2012/ Export destinations of Japan (2012)]''. Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> This is significantly more than Japan trades with the US, which since 1995 has hovered around the $60-$70 billion dollar mark.<ref name="Alexander Simoesexportjapan"/> Trade with the apartheid state of Israel stands at $0.8 billion dollars, and Palestinian $26,451.<ref name="Alexander Simoesexportjapan"/> Japanese exports in contrast total $70.4 billion dollars to Islamic countries, with the top five (Indonesia (35.2%), Malaysia (29.7%), UAE (15.0%), Saudi Arabia (14.0%) and Oman (6.07%)) totaling $58 billion dollars.<ref name="Alexander Simoes.exportsfromjapan">Alexander Simoes. ''[https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/explore/tree_map/hs/export/jpn/show/all/2012/ Export destinations of Japan (2012)]''. The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> Trade with the apartheid state of Israel is at $1.6 billion dollars compared to Palestinian $5,386,056 dollars.<ref name="Alexander Simoes.exportsfromjapan"/> As of 2014, the GDP of all Muslim countries stands at $6.265 trillion dollars. Islamic spending in addition is worth an estimated $5 trillion dollars. As a result the Japanese have begun embracing certified halal industrialization, which includes specialising in halal food, medicine and cosmetics.<ref name="Yo-Jung Chen (March 12, 2015).">Yo-Jung Chen (March 12, 2015). ''[http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/japan-to-asean-tourists-yes-terrorists-no/ Japan to ASEAN: Tourists Yes, Terrorists No]''. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">According to the Japan Islam Cultural Center, between 20—30 Japanese companies a year are obtaining halal certified licenses to sell halal products to Muslims compared to only five annually at the start of the century.
#Yo-Jung Chen (March 12, 2015). ''[http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/japan-to-asean-tourists-yes-terrorists-no/ Japan to ASEAN: Tourists Yes, Terrorists No]''. The Diplomat. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The global halal tourism industry is currently worth an estimated $140 billion dollars, and by 2020 it will be worth an estimated upwards of $200 billion dollars.<ref name="Sarah Diaa (July 12th, 2015).">Sarah Diaa (July 12th, 2015). ''[http://www.albawaba.com/business/abu-dhabis-secret-boosting-tourism-unesco-world-heritage-sites-718656 Abu Dhabi's secret to boosting tourism? UNESCO World Heritage sites]''. AlBawaba. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="indawn">''[http://www.dawn.com/news/1165197 Indonesia prays Islamic tourism drive can draw more visitors]''. April 10th, 2015. Dawn. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref name="MVOnIslam">''[http://muslimvillage.com/2015/03/30/76770/two-muslim-cities-named-top-destinations-world/ Two Muslim cities named top destinations in the world]''. Muslim Village (originally from "OnIslam"; on March 26th, 2015). March 30, 2015. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The halal food industry alone will be worth $1.6 trillion dollars by 2018.<ref name="1.6trillion">''[http://www.emirates247.com/business/global-halal-food-market-to-reach-1-6-trillion-by-2018-2014-08-11-1.559037 Global halal food market to reach $1.6 trillion by 2018]''. August 11, 2014. Emirates247. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref> The Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI) however said at the end of 2014 it was worth $2 trillion dollars.<ref name="Abdul Hannan Tago (4 December 2014).">Abdul Hannan Tago (4 December 2014). ''[http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/669456 Halal food market stands at $2 trillion worldwide]''. Arab News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref><ref group="n.">Muslim themselves however only have a $700 billion dollar stake (35%) in the market.
#Abdul Hannan Tago (4 December 2014). ''[http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/669456 Halal food market stands at $2 trillion worldwide]''. Arab News. Retrieved July 15th, 2015.</ref>
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==SOURCES==
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'''Footnotes'''
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{{reflist|group="n."|4}}
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'''References'''
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{{reflist|3}}
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==EXTERNAL LINKS==
*[[The Unknown Muslim Victims of Japanese Unit 731 in WWII (1932—1945)]]

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