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'''''Working Title:''''' ''The Death of Toll of Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus During the 1947 Partition'' |
'''''Original Publisher:''' Materia Islamica'' |
'''''Publication Date:''' August 17th, 2019.'' |
'''''Written by:''' Canadian786'' |
'''''Artricle N<sup>o.</sup>''' 91.''
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::<small>''The following is a brief history of the aftermath of the declaration of the 1947 Indian partition which resulted in the creation of both Pakistan and India. It examines how and where the violence started, how far back it was planned, who was involved and the overall death toll by group. This, in essence, is the tragic history of what happened in the Muslim-majority regions of the Punjab and Kashmir. '''Total Death Toll: <u>2,817,000—4,617,000'''''</u></small> 
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<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;"> Pakistan belongs to a vast geographical landmass known as the ''"Indian subcontinent"'', also known as ''"India"'' (not to be confused with the ''"Republic of India"'' who's true name is actually ''"Hindustan"''<ref name="bloomsbury">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZbOgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10&dq=india+is+also+known+as+bharat+and+hindustan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8_K6-3vbjAhWMUMAKHYpYBucQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=india%20is%20also%20known%20as%20bharat%20and%20hindustan&f=false India in Translation, Translation in India]''. Bloomsbury Publishing. 20 July 2019. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-93-88414-21-0.</ref> or ''"Bharat"''<ref name="bloomsbury"/> formed in 1947<ref name="PowersTempleman2012">John Powers; David Templeman (18 May 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA311&dq=india+was+%22founded+in+1947%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ863difvjAhURlFwKHfnlBfkQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=india%20was%20%22founded%20in%201947%22&f=false Historical Dictionary of Tibet]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-8108-7984-3.</ref>). Independent Pakistan was also formed in 1947;<ref name="MoranHarris2007">Robert T. Moran; Philip Robert Harris; Sarah Virgilia Moran (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y01Ubn9LACEC&pg=PA457&dq=pakistan+%22was+founded+in+1947%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj56s7vqvvjAhXxsnEKHSGVBYsQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20%22was%20founded%20in%201947%22&f=false Managing Cultural Differences: Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century]''. Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-7506-8247-3.</ref> first alluded to in a speech by M. Iqbal (1877—1938<ref name="Cesari2014">Jocelyne Cesari (14 April 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Mohammad+Iqbal+(1877%E2%80%941938)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW6q787LLfAhXfWxUIHXYiAi4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=Mohammad%20Iqbal%20(1877%E2%80%941938)&f=false The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-107-51329-7.</ref>) in 1930.<ref name="Jalal2017">Jalal, Ayesha (2017). ''[http://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-114 The Creation of Pakistan]''. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Department of History, Tufts University. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.114.</ref> It was originally to comprise of ''some'' of the Muslim-majority regions of the British Raj (1858—1947<ref name="Mann2014">Michael Mann (24 October 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TBscBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=British+Raj+(1858%E2%80%941947)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM5YSKo_vjAhULQ8AKHUPpDLcQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=British%20Raj%20(1858%E2%80%941947)&f=false South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives]''. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-317-62446-2.</ref>).<ref name="Jalal2017"/> This inspired C. R. Ali (1897—1951<ref name="Khan2007">Mohammad Ayub Khan (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SuRtAAAAMAAJ&q=Chaudhri+R.+Ali+(1897%E2%80%941951)&dq=Chaudhri+R.+Ali+(1897%E2%80%941951)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv7bGo7bLfAhWqUxUIHQMqCGwQ6AEIKjAA Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966-1972]''. Oxford University Press. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-19-547442-8.</ref>), an Oxbridge student to also add in Muslim-majority Kashmir (ruled by the Hindu<ref name="Mahmood2012">Cynthia Keppley Mahmood (15 August 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioUYm_zbiX0C&pg=PA35&dq=%22hari+singh%22+kashmir+hindu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE5cuUp_vjAhXDlFwKHfXgBKwQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22hari%20singh%22%20kashmir%20hindu&f=false One More Voice!: Perspectives on South Asia]''. Xlibris Corporation. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4771-0566-5.</ref> despot<ref name="Azaan Javaid (26th April 2019).">Azaan Javaid (26th April 2019). ''[https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/hari-singh-the-last-dogra-king-who-gave-jk-its-special-status-was-an-autocrat-too/227573/ Hari Singh — the last Dogra king who gave J&K its special status was an ‘autocrat’ too]''. The Print. ''[http://archive.is/AO4v8 Archive.is Link]''. Retrieved August 11th, 2019.</ref> Hari Singh; 1895—1961<ref name="Lyon2008">Peter Lyon (2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA150&dq=Hari+Singh;+1895-1961&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLh9e1o_vjAhVKZcAKHe-OAKEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Hari%20Singh%3B%201895-1961&f=false Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2.</ref>) to coin the word ''"Pakistan"'' ('''P'''unjab, '''A'''fghania, '''K'''ashmir, '''S'''indh, Balochis'''tan''').<ref name="Jalal2017"/> However, the majority of Sikhs and Hindus were opposed to it's creation, and were ''"determined to strangle [it] at birth"''.<ref group="n.">Pakistan realised within a month of it's independence that the Indians "were determined to strangle Pakistan at birth", and that had no choice but to wait out the fighting, helping the refugees as best they could. The violence was so intense against Muslims that "[v]ultures feasted so extravagantly that they could no longer fly".
#Nisid Hajari (June 9th, 2015). ''[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/06/how_india_and_pakistan_became_enemies_excerpt_from_nisid_hajari_s_midnight.html Separated at Birth. How a few days in 1947 turned India and Pakistan into sworn enemies]''. Slate. Retrieved March 29th, 2016.</ref> In the Punjab, the Sikhs formed organised death squads, triggering<ref group="n.">The fact that the Sikhs were the ones who triggered the mass violence that followed after the declaration of Pakistan on August 14th, 1947 was confirmed by the American historian Paul R. Brass (1936—Present), when he interviewed the Sikh leader at the time of partition who admitted to his role in initiating the violence.
::'''Quote:''' ''"In February 1967, however, Master Tara Singh, whom I interviewed then and who was the principal political leader of the Sikh community 20 years earlier, said to me in words I have never forgotten: “We took the decision to turn the Muslims out.” By this, he meant the decision to attack violently the Muslim population in East Punjab to force them to migrate west so that the entire Sikh population in West Punjab would be able to migrate east to replace them and take their lands and property in exchange for what they would lose in the west"''.
#Brass, Paul R. (2003). ''"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520305657 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1]"''. Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. ISSN 1462-3528.</ref><ref group="n.">''"The Sikhs, who not only stood to lose their lands, livelihoods and shrines but faced the risk of their community being split by partition, had been threatening reprisals if the [Boundary] award was not to their liking. It was no coincidence, therefore, that Sikh violence escalated after the announcement of the Boundary Award. When the violence began it started in the central districts of Punjab: Lahore, Amritsar, Ferozepur, Ludhiana, Sheikhupura, Gurdaspur, Sialkot, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Gujranwala, and the Jullundur Doab, where the Sikhs were spread out."''
#Aiyar, Swarna (2007). ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856409508723242 'August anarchy': The partition massacres in Punjab, 1947*]''. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 18 (sup001): 13–36. doi:10.1080/00856409508723242. ISSN 0085-6401.</ref> widespread brutality and counter-violence.<ref name="Nisid Hajari (June 30th, 2015).">Nisid Hajari (June 30th, 2015). ''[http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/did-sikhs-squads-participate-organised-attempt-cleanse-east-punjab-during-partition Did Sikh Squads Participate In An Organised Attempt To Cleanse East Punjab During Partition?]''. Caravan Magazine. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181014023800/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/did-sikhs-squads-participate-organised-attempt-cleanse-east-punjab-during-partition WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved October 14th, 2018.</ref> Between 200,000—2,000,000 were killed; with 1,260,000 Muslims, and 840,000 Sikhs and Hindus, missing.<ref name="Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Khwaja, Atif Mian (August 30th, 2008).">Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Khwaja, Atif Mian (August 30th, 2008). ''[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/Big%20March%20EPW%20Publish08.pdf The Big March: Migratory Flows After The Partition Of India]''. p. 43 (pp. 39-pp. 49). Economic & Political Weekly. ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20180801153200/https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/Big%20March%20EPW%20Publish08.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved March 31st, 2016.</ref> Additionally 29,000—50,000 Muslim women were kidnapped<ref group="n.">
In addition a large number of Muslim women, 50,000, were also abducted by Sikhs and Hindu men (Pg. 139). However by December 1948 at least 12,000 Muslim women had been recovered and brought back safely to their families in Pakistan through governmental intervention (specifically with the signing of the Inter-Dominion Agreement). Between April 1951 to January 1952 an additional 1,703 Muslim women were rescued. (Pg. 146).
#Taisha Abraham (2002). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O36OU5buMsa3O7T-gZAM&ved=0CGUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947&f=false Women and the Politics of Violence]''. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-0847-5.

According to Peter Gatrell between 1947 and 1956 22,000 Muslim women had been rescued, and any who had been taken by Muslims had converted over to the faith of Islam, abandoning Hinduism and "by all accounts making a reasonable life" for themselves. Some even settled happily in Pakistan, and few went back to India. This is likely explained by the fact that Hinduism regards women as inferior religiously and women to this day are treated horrendously in Hindu-dominated India.

#Peter Gatrell (12 September 2013). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UAkarK3gLDgC&pg=PA168&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947+recovered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sJGOU4GPD8TkPNKlgOgE&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947%20recovered&f=false The Making of the Modern Refugee]''. Oxford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-19-967416-7.

According to Sukehsi Karma, 16,545 Muslim women and children were rescued from India, between December 6, 1947 and March 31, 1952. 

#Sukeshi Kamra (January 2002). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Td6TRRMBFVUC&pg=PA316&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947+recovered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sJGOU4GPD8TkPNKlgOgE&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947%20recovered&f=false Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj]''. University of Calgary Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-55238-041-3.

"M.A. Khan", Anti-Muslim author, who claims he is a "former Muslim", in his book "Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery" fraudulently litotes (that is the opposite of hyperbolizing Muslim suffering; which itself is a gross exaggeration of words) claims that there were "some" incidences of "kidnapping of Muslim women", but refuses to give figures or indeed verifiable referenced figures, and then again blatantly litotes claiming "authorities, who tried their best to protect Muslims, recovered most of the kidnapped Muslim women and returned them to most of their famillies". This latter statement is in direct contradiction to data that show only 24% of Muslim women were ever returned to their Muslim families, as evidenced above with Oxford University publication and study by Peter Gatrell.

#M. A. Khan (1 January 2009). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uHNddAz5cfAC&pg=PA238&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947+recovered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sJGOU4GPD8TkPNKlgOgE&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947%20recovered&f=false Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery]''. iUniverse. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4401-1846-3.
</ref>—taken as sex-slave brides to be raped (only 20,728 were ever rescued<ref name="MenonBhasin1998">Ritu Menon; Kamla Bhasin (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yNN4SE7cL60C&pg=PA99&dq=muslim+hindu+women+recovered+1947+riots&hl=en#v=onepage&q=muslim%20hindu%20women%20recovered%201947%20riots&f=false Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition]''. Rutgers University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8135-2552-5.</ref>). Muslims retaliated by taking 33,000 of theirs.<ref group="n.">*According to other sources, it is claimed that up to 125,000 Hindu and Sikh women were taken to Pakistan.
Quote: "In 1950, Menon and Bhasin write, the “official estimate” for numbers of abducted women stood at 50,000 Muslims in India and 33,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan. But rehabilitation workers place these figures higher. Mridula Sarabhai, they write, a director of rehabilitation projects for abducted women, believed that as many as 125,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted in Pakistan."
#Meera Patel (June 26th, 2013). ''[http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/rape-accounts-still-surface-from-indias-partition-65-years-on Rape accounts still surface from India’s partition 65 years on]''. Women Under Siege Project. Retrieved March 31st, 2016.
*''[http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/04/16/calgary-stabbings-university_n_5158024.html Calgary Stabbings: How Knife Crime In Canada Can Cause 'Moral Panic']''. April 16th, 2014. Huffington Post. Retrieved March 31st, 2016.</ref> In Kashmir 237,000—250,000 Muslims suffered a one-sided mass genocide at the hands of Hindus and Sikhs<ref name="Saeed Naqvi (July 10th, 2016).">Saeed Naqvi (July 10th, 2016). ''[https://scroll.in/article/811468/the-killing-fields-of-jammu-when-it-was-muslims-who-were-eliminated The killing fields of Jammu: How Muslims become a minority in the region]''. Scroll.in. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190811161017/https://scroll.in/article/811468/the-killing-fields-of-jammu-when-it-was-muslims-who-were-eliminated WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved August 11th, 2019.</ref> (fortunately, 60% of Kashmir was liberated by Pakistan in 1948;<ref name="Riedel2013">Bruce O. Riedel (29 January 2013). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cAPRr-zLvEgC&pg=PA49&dq=avoiding+armageddon+bruce+1,500+kashmir&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GCEFVJiFPMjR7AbllYHYCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=avoiding%20armageddon%20bruce%201%2C500%20kashmir&f=false Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back]''. Brookings Institution Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8157-2409-8.</ref> however 20% of it was ceded to China in 1962<ref name="Riedel2013"/><ref name="Synnott2012">Hilary Synnott (6 December 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5CXvFY6tBcoC&pg=PA149&dq=pakistan+%22ceded%22+china+%22alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMqsn84vbjAhX6SRUIHWZ1BAsQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20%22ceded%22%20china%20%22alliance%22&f=false Transforming Pakistan: Ways Out of Instability]''. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-135-87295-3.</ref> in order to cement an alliance between the two<ref name="Synnott2012"/><ref name="Cohen2008">Saul Bernard Cohen (17 July 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WRAfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333&dq=pakistan+%22ceded%22+china+%22alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMqsn84vbjAhX6SRUIHWZ1BAsQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20%22ceded%22%20china%20%22alliance%22&f=false Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations]''. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-7425-8154-8.</ref>). Prior to the eruption of this mass violence, the Sikhs did have the choice to join Pakistan but refused claiming that the Muslims would ''"oppress them"'' (thus siding with the Hindus—planning their massacres as early as 1940<ref name="Ikram1995">S.M. Ikram (1995). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA425&dq=aurangzeb+not+a+proper+muslim&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=jathas&f=false Indian Muslims and Partition of India]''. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 425. ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6.</ref>).<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012).">Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> Ironically however, the Sikhs would actually end up being oppressed by Hindus in India, and still are to this day.<ref name="Nikita Azad (November 2015).">Nikita Azad (November 2015). ''[https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2015/11/punjab-politics-khalistan/ The Sikhs Continue To Be Oppressed, But Is Khalistan The Solution To Counter This?]''. Youth Ki Awaaz. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170810164441/https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2015/11/punjab-politics-khalistan/ WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved August 10th, 2019.</ref><ref name="Lerner1992">Michael Lerner (1 March 1992). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bcPjAAAAMAAJ&q=sikhs+are+oppressed+in+india&dq=sikhs+are+oppressed+in+india&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiozJXo8vbjAhWmUxUIHXSyBSIQ6AEIKjAA Tikkun: to heal, repair, and transform the world: an anthology]''. Tikkun Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-935933-04-8.</ref><ref name="MacchiwareDaJungle (30 September 2016).">MacchiwareDaJungle (30 September 2016). ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2_Viws3Ang FINAL ASSAULT | Punjabi Documentary Film | Save Punjab Waters (1:00:00)]''. YouTube. ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk0zzS-ZU38 Another Copy From Another YouTube Channel]''. Retrieved August 10th, 2019.</ref>
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||[[File:6e66ee87fd65f0c6dab1b11fac2f4416.jpg|80px|thumb|center|<div style="text-left; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:70%;">Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876—1948), founder of Pakistan.</div>]]
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||[[File:Sikh distribution.jpg|110px|thumb|center|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">The distribution of Sikhs in united Punjab.<ref name="brass">Brass, Paul R. (2003). ''"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520305657 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1]"''. Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. ISSN 1462-3528.</ref></div>]]
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<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;"> This then begs the question; why were the Sikhs so violent towards Muslims in particular, and not Hindus? The shear brutality experienced by both Kashmir and the Punjab at the hands of the Sikhs can chiefly be attributed to Sikh political instability;<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012)."/> their goals, behaviours and aims were based entirely on greed<ref group="n.">The fact that the Sikhs were the ones who triggered the mass violence that followed after the declaration of Pakistan on August 14th, 1947 was confirmed by the American historian Paul R. Brass (1936—Present), when he interviewed the Sikh leader at the time of partition who admitted to his role in initiating the violence.
::'''Quote:''' ''"In February 1967, however, Master Tara Singh, whom I interviewed then and who was the principal political leader of the Sikh community 20 years earlier, said to me in words I have never forgotten: “We took the decision to turn the Muslims out.” By this, he meant the decision to attack violently the Muslim population in East Punjab to force them to migrate west so that the entire Sikh population in West Punjab would be able to migrate east to replace them and take their lands and property in exchange for what they would lose in the west"''.
#Brass, Paul R. (2003). ''"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520305657 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1]"''. Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. ISSN 1462-3528.</ref> and historical animosity rather than reason, resulting in the Sikh leadership behaving grossly incompetently when it came to matters of negotiation (for instance they repeatedly instigated fears amongst themselves of the Mughal Empires (1526—1858<ref name="Chandra2007">Anjana Motihar Chandra (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=of7t-odF0t4C&pg=PA49&dq=Mughal+Empire+1526-1858&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn9KXE0PvjAhU8UBUIHUzVDfEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Mughal%20Empire%201526-1858&f=false India Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture]''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 49. ISBN 978-981-261-350-9.</ref>) ''"[[Why do Some Sikh's Hate Muslims? The Rebellion of 1606.|atrocities]]"'' against them that had allegedly occurred centuries prior, and then applied this against their fellow ethnic Punjabis who just happened to be Muslims—as if the latter would somehow ''"eliminate them and Sikhism from the earth"'' in an independent Muslim homeland).<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012)."/> The Sikhs were also heavily influenced by the ''"Hindu Congress Party"'' (1885—Present<ref name="MasonMason1997">Michael G. Mason; Mike Mason (1997). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q3A6bxu7S8MC&pg=PA253&dq=Hindu+Congress+Party+1885+founded&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBjcKB0fvjAhW0SEEAHakVDe0Q6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Hindu%20Congress%20Party%201885%20founded&f=false Development and Disorder: A History of the Third World Since 1945]''. UPNE. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-87451-829-0.</ref>) who courted their allegiance by pandering to them and using a policy of appeasement to trick them into siding with them (for instance by making an empty promise in 1929 of forming a homeland for them—''"the glow of freedom"'' as the Indian side put it<ref name="Shani2007">Giorgio Shani (6 December 2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA43&dq=Nehru+%22glow+of+freedom%22+sikh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj80qmq4fvjAhWcXRUIHX8iDjwQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Nehru%20%22glow%20of%20freedom%22%20sikh&f=false Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age]''. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-134-10189-4.</ref>—after India gained independence; assumed by the Sikh leadership to mean an ''"ethnically cleansed"'' East Punjab<ref group="n.">The Sikhs were already thinking of ethnically cleansing Punjab as early as 1929, when the Indians hinted at giving the Sikhs their own homeland. It turned out, that after partition, the Indians never meant any such thing, and the Sikhs had just assumed this on their own.

::Quote: ''"In 1929, in the face of Akali [Sikh] opposition to the Nehru report, Congress had passed a resolution assuring 'the Sikhs, Muslims, and other minorities that no solution thereof in any future constitution will be acceptable to the Congress that does not give full satisfaction to the parties concerned...In return for remaining within India, the Sikhs were promised by Nehru that they too could 'experience the glow of freedom'...Although what this promise entailed was never specified, the Sikh leadership took this to mean a 'homeland' within independent, federal India once the Sikh community had 'regrouped'...in an East Punjab 'ethnically cleansed' of Muslims".''

This was seen by Sikhs as the Indians having reneged on their promise;

'''Quote:''' ''"Second, by refusing to organise state boundaries on the basis of religious identities, Nehru and the nationalist movement had reneged on their alleged 'promise' to the pre-independence Sikh leadership..."''.

#Giorgio Shani (6 December 2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA43&dq=Nehru+%22glow+of+freedom%22+sikh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj80qmq4fvjAhWcXRUIHX8iDjwQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Nehru%20%22glow%20of%20freedom%22%20sikh&f=false Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age]''. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-134-10189-4.</ref>). Thus, when it actually came to negotiating with Muslims (and even the British) the Sikhs outright ignored these stakeholders.<ref group="n.">
'''Quote:''' ''"The Sikhs erroneously depended on the British Governor of Punjab and the Viceroy, particularly in the last decade of the British raj, who advised them again and again to negotiate with either party to bargain on their strength in the Punjab. No party, whether the League or the Congress, could neglect them in the political sphere but they kept on approaching the Governor and Viceroy with requests to ‘do something for the Sikhs.’ The clear picture of the political developments could be dealt with frequent discussions with the League and the Congress which were the direct stakeholders but the Sikh dependence on the goodwill of the British was surprising at this critical juncture. They kept on moving such requests to Lord Mountbatten who conveyed the same to Jawaharlal Nehru who turned them down on some specific reasons.34 Ignoring the real stakeholders and continual pursuance of the British could not produce any useful solution for the Sikhs and ultimately they had to endure the catastrophe."''
#Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> They refused to accept any offers, concessions, bargains or advice made to them. This ultimately backfired on the Sikhs as they were then ignored themselves; their policy of ''"bluster and agitation"'' failed, as the other parties became fed up with them,<ref group="n.">Indeed, the Sikhs virtually fought with everyone, including the side that was negotiating India's independence (a side they were already on).
::'''Quote:''' ''"They intermittently got into conflict not only with the League but also with the British, Congress and the Unionists. They launched a war on all fronts at this crucial time"''. 
#Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> who were instead using constitutional negotiation in order to reach an agreement. The end result was the Sikhs lashing out.<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012).">Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref>
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<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;"> Ironically the fate of the Sikhs was predicted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876—1948) himself who warned them ''"that by joining Hindus, they would repent one day but it would be too late to revise their decision"''. Upon joining India, the Sikhs began demanding independence, and a mere three decades later the Sikh portion of the Punjab underwent a second partition in 1966,<ref name="Ciment2015">James Ciment (10 March 2015). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dv8TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&dq=second+split+of+punjab+1966&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwit3or_vKvfAhVeShUIHbG4BUIQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=second%20split%20of%20punjab%201966&f=false World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era]''. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-45152-5.</ref> agitatating them further,<ref group="n.">Even though the Indian Punjab was further split in 1966 and gave the Sikhs a majority, repeated interference to intimidate the Sikhs further into submitting to Hindu rule was launched by the government of India between 1966 and 1983, just before the Sikh insurgency erupted.
#USA International Business Publications (May 2001). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bgGCCP5Fxg0C&pg=PA82&dq=punjabi+insurgency+1966&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFx5iBv6vfAhXysHEKHYQRAJsQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20insurgency%201966&f=false India: Foreign Policy & Government Guide]''. Int'l Business Publications. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7397-8298-9.
#W. H. McLeod (24 July 2009). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA163&dq=punjab+partition+1966+agitated&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGycabvqvfAhVsQRUIHXCSDhkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=punjab%20partition%201966%20agitated&f=false The A to Z of Sikhism]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.</ref> eventually resulting in an insurgency (causing the deaths of 20,000<ref name="Telford, Hamish (2001).">Telford, Hamish (2001). ''[https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4293/4888 Counter-Insurgency in India: Observations from Punjab and Kashmir]''. Journal of Conflict Studies. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219075859/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4293/4888 WayBackMachine Link]''. ISSN 1715-5673.</ref><ref name="Clodfelter2017"> Micheal Clodfelter (24 April 2017). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA608&dq=Sikh+riots+30,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV5qrWtqvfAhVhu3EKHVEtDgkQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Sikh%20riots%2030%2C000&f=false Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed]''. McFarland. p. 608. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.</ref>—250,000 Sikhs<ref name="Congress1874">United States. Congress (1874; September 15th, 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IxQjiH6EeOIC&pg=PA18640&dq=Musharraf+%22250,000%22+Sikhs+had+been+killed+by+India+since+1984&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWkL6GtKvfAhWoSRUIHZ-VCzMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Musharraf%20%22250%2C000%22%20Sikhs%20had%20been%20killed%20by%20India%20since%201984&f=false Congressional Record]''. Government Printing Office. Volumes 1-53. p. 18640. GGKEY:4U9KL5RCJHZ.</ref><ref group="n.">Other sources claim that the number is difficult to quantify with an estimation put between 30,000—80,000.
#Allon Gal; Athena S. Leoussi; Anthony David Smith (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WyFp2PhRtpAC&pg=PA241&dq=Sikh+riots+30,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV5qrWtqvfAhVhu3EKHVEtDgkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Sikh%20riots%2030%2C000&f=false The Call of the Homeland: Diaspora Nationalisms, Past and Present]''. BRILL. p. 241. ISBN 90-04-18210-1.</ref> and a small genocide against them by Hindus (3,000<ref name="SinghTatla2006">Gurharpal Singh; Darsham Singh Tatla (3 October 2006). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d5O0bZmta-QC&pg=PA106&dq=Sikh+riots+3,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivwLvRtqvfAhUTuHEKHcRvD68Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Sikh%20riots%203%2C000&f=false Sikhs in Britain: The Making of a Community]''. Zed Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-84277-717-6.</ref>—17,000 dead<ref name="Bartrop2012">Paul Robert Bartrop (2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BleF7tl_rbUC&pg=PA318&dq=Anti-Sikh+riots+17,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLirehuKvfAhWRSxUIHRSEBZ0Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=Anti-Sikh%20riots%2017%2C000&f=false A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-313-38678-7.</ref><ref group="n.">The Indian government maintains only 2,700 Sikhs died during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
#Paul Robert Bartrop (2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BleF7tl_rbUC&pg=PA318&dq=Anti-Sikh+riots+17,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLirehuKvfAhWRSxUIHRSEBZ0Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=Anti-Sikh%20riots%2017%2C000&f=false A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-313-38678-7.</ref>) as well as the widespread flood of hard drugs across this ''"breadbasket of India"''.<ref name="Pal, Rajan (2017).">Pal, Rajan (2017). ''[https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/53029 Political economy of drugs and insurgency: the case of Punjab]''. Dudley Knox Library. Naval Post Graduate School. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> The entirity of the Indian Punjab has a population of 27.98 million people,<ref name="Aditi Gyanesh (March 28th, 2015).">Aditi Gyanesh (March 28th, 2015). ''[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Even-NGOs-can-work-on-palliative-care-for-terminally-ill-patients/articleshow/46721665.cms Even NGOs can work on palliative care for terminally ill patients]''. Times of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214073403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Even-NGOs-can-work-on-palliative-care-for-terminally-ill-patients/articleshow/46721665.cms? WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> spread across 5.51 million households.<ref name="households">''[https://knoema.com/atlas/India/Punjab/Number-of-households Punjab - Number of households]''. 2011. Knoema. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214073938/https://knoema.com/atlas/India/Punjab/Number-of-households WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> As of 2017, at least 65.5% of Sikhs abuse drugs or alcohol; broken down by category, 41.8% are addicted to alcohol, 21.3% addicted to tobacco, 20.8% addicted to heroin, and non-alcohol and non-tobacco based drugs at 34.8%.<ref name="SharmaArora2017">Sharma, Bhuwan; Arora, Anjali; Singh, Kanwaljit; Singh, Harinder; Kaur, Prabhjot (2017). ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5787955/ Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab]''. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 6 (3): 558. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.222037. ISSN 2249-4863.</ref> Additionally, other sources state that two-thirds of Indian Punjabs households have at least one addict per family.<ref name="bbcdrugsikh">''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38824478 Why has India's Punjab fallen into the grip of drug abuse?]''. February 2nd, 2017. BBC News. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214063648/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38824478 WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Some 860,000 men between the ages of 15 and 35 take some form of drugs.<ref name="bbcdrugsikh"/> Drugs such as opium and crystal methamphetamine are common.<ref name="bbcdrugsikh"/> LSD is often sold at prices between ₹2,000—₹10,000 rupees per dose ($27.88—$139.38 dollars as of December 14th, 2018).<ref name="101reporters (June 2016).">101reporters (June 2016). ''[https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/06/bengaluru-drug-abuse-problem/ With Addicts As Young As 11, How Bengaluru Became South India’s ‘Drug Capital’]''. Youth Ki Awaaz. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065310/https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/06/bengaluru-drug-abuse-problem/ WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Harder drugs such as opium cost between ₹300—₹400 rupees per day ($4.18—$5.58 dollars), whereas Heroin, Alprazone and sedating drugs cost between ₹1,200—₹2,000 rupees per day ($16.73—$27.88 dollars).<ref name="Dev Ankur Wadhawan (December 17th, 2016).">Dev Ankur Wadhawan (December 17th, 2016). ''[https://www.dailyo.in/variety/narcotics-drugs-rajasthan-bikaner-punjab-udta-punjab-afghanistan-pakistan-jaisalmer-opium-heroin/story/1/14595.html Why is no one talking about Udta Rajasthan?]''. Daily O. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065811/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/narcotics-drugs-rajasthan-bikaner-punjab-udta-punjab-afghanistan-pakistan-jaisalmer-opium-heroin/story/1/14595.html WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Other sources have said that heroin alone costs ₹4,000—₹6,000 rupees daily ($55.75—$83.63 dollars).<ref name="heroin40006000">''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-46218646 Punjab's drug menace: 'I wanted my son to die]''. November 23rd, 2018. BBC News. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214071233/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-46218646 WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Thus, costing an addict $20,348.75—$30,524.95 annually to buy heroin.
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||[[File:Muslimdistribution.jpg|120px|thumb|center|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Distribution of Muslims in united Punjab.<ref name="brass"/></div>]]
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[[File:6e66ee87fd65f0c6dab1b11fac2f4416.jpg|1000px|thumb|center|<div style="text-left; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:70%;">Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876—1948), founder of Pakistan.</div>]]
<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;"> Pakistan belongs to a vast geographical landmass known as the ''"Indian subcontinent"'', also known as ''"India"'' (not to be confused with the ''"Republic of India"'' who's true name is actually ''"Hindustan"''<ref name="bloomsbury">''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZbOgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10&dq=india+is+also+known+as+bharat+and+hindustan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8_K6-3vbjAhWMUMAKHYpYBucQ6AEIPjAE#v=onepage&q=india%20is%20also%20known%20as%20bharat%20and%20hindustan&f=false India in Translation, Translation in India]''. Bloomsbury Publishing. 20 July 2019. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-93-88414-21-0.</ref> or ''"Bharat"''<ref name="bloomsbury"/> formed in 1947<ref name="PowersTempleman2012">John Powers; David Templeman (18 May 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&pg=PA311&dq=india+was+%22founded+in+1947%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJ863difvjAhURlFwKHfnlBfkQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=india%20was%20%22founded%20in%201947%22&f=false Historical Dictionary of Tibet]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-8108-7984-3.</ref>). Independent Pakistan was also formed in 1947;<ref name="MoranHarris2007">Robert T. Moran; Philip Robert Harris; Sarah Virgilia Moran (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y01Ubn9LACEC&pg=PA457&dq=pakistan+%22was+founded+in+1947%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj56s7vqvvjAhXxsnEKHSGVBYsQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20%22was%20founded%20in%201947%22&f=false Managing Cultural Differences: Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century]''. Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-7506-8247-3.</ref> first alluded to in a speech by M. Iqbal (1877—1938<ref name="Cesari2014">Jocelyne Cesari (14 April 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&dq=Mohammad+Iqbal+(1877%E2%80%941938)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiW6q787LLfAhXfWxUIHXYiAi4Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=Mohammad%20Iqbal%20(1877%E2%80%941938)&f=false The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-107-51329-7.</ref>) in 1930.<ref name="Jalal2017">Jalal, Ayesha (2017). ''[http://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-114 The Creation of Pakistan]''. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Department of History, Tufts University. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.114.</ref> It was originally to comprise of ''some'' of the Muslim-majority regions of the British Raj (1858—1947<ref name="Mann2014">Michael Mann (24 October 2014). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TBscBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&dq=British+Raj+(1858%E2%80%941947)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjM5YSKo_vjAhULQ8AKHUPpDLcQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=British%20Raj%20(1858%E2%80%941947)&f=false South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives]''. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-317-62446-2.</ref>).<ref name="Jalal2017"/> This inspired C. R. Ali (1897—1951<ref name="Khan2007">Mohammad Ayub Khan (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SuRtAAAAMAAJ&q=Chaudhri+R.+Ali+(1897%E2%80%941951)&dq=Chaudhri+R.+Ali+(1897%E2%80%941951)&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv7bGo7bLfAhWqUxUIHQMqCGwQ6AEIKjAA Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966-1972]''. Oxford University Press. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-19-547442-8.</ref>), an Oxbridge student to also add in Muslim-majority Kashmir (ruled by the Hindu<ref name="Mahmood2012">Cynthia Keppley Mahmood (15 August 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ioUYm_zbiX0C&pg=PA35&dq=%22hari+singh%22+kashmir+hindu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE5cuUp_vjAhXDlFwKHfXgBKwQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22hari%20singh%22%20kashmir%20hindu&f=false One More Voice!: Perspectives on South Asia]''. Xlibris Corporation. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4771-0566-5.</ref> despot<ref name="Azaan Javaid (26th April 2019).">Azaan Javaid (26th April 2019). ''[https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/hari-singh-the-last-dogra-king-who-gave-jk-its-special-status-was-an-autocrat-too/227573/ Hari Singh — the last Dogra king who gave J&K its special status was an ‘autocrat’ too]''. The Print. ''[http://archive.is/AO4v8 Archive.is Link]''. Retrieved August 11th, 2019.</ref> Hari Singh; 1895—1961<ref name="Lyon2008">Peter Lyon (2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&pg=PA150&dq=Hari+Singh;+1895-1961&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLh9e1o_vjAhVKZcAKHe-OAKEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Hari%20Singh%3B%201895-1961&f=false Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2.</ref>) to coin the word ''"Pakistan"'' ('''P'''unjab, '''A'''fghania, '''K'''ashmir, '''S'''indh, Balochis'''tan''').<ref name="Jalal2017"/> However, the majority of Sikhs and Hindus were opposed to it's creation, and were ''"determined to strangle [it] at birth"''.<ref group="n.">Pakistan realised within a month of it's independence that the Indians "were determined to strangle Pakistan at birth", and that had no choice but to wait out the fighting, helping the refugees as best they could. The violence was so intense against Muslims that "[v]ultures feasted so extravagantly that they could no longer fly".
#Nisid Hajari (June 9th, 2015). ''[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/06/how_india_and_pakistan_became_enemies_excerpt_from_nisid_hajari_s_midnight.html Separated at Birth. How a few days in 1947 turned India and Pakistan into sworn enemies]''. Slate. Retrieved March 29th, 2016.</ref> In the Punjab, the Sikhs formed organised death squads, triggering<ref group="n.">The fact that the Sikhs were the ones who triggered the mass violence that followed after the declaration of Pakistan on August 14th, 1947 was confirmed by the American historian Paul R. Brass (1936—Present), when he interviewed the Sikh leader at the time of partition who admitted to his role in initiating the violence.
::'''Quote:''' ''"In February 1967, however, Master Tara Singh, whom I interviewed then and who was the principal political leader of the Sikh community 20 years earlier, said to me in words I have never forgotten: “We took the decision to turn the Muslims out.” By this, he meant the decision to attack violently the Muslim population in East Punjab to force them to migrate west so that the entire Sikh population in West Punjab would be able to migrate east to replace them and take their lands and property in exchange for what they would lose in the west"''.
#Brass, Paul R. (2003). ''"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520305657 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1]"''. Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. ISSN 1462-3528.</ref><ref group="n.">''"The Sikhs, who not only stood to lose their lands, livelihoods and shrines but faced the risk of their community being split by partition, had been threatening reprisals if the [Boundary] award was not to their liking. It was no coincidence, therefore, that Sikh violence escalated after the announcement of the Boundary Award. When the violence began it started in the central districts of Punjab: Lahore, Amritsar, Ferozepur, Ludhiana, Sheikhupura, Gurdaspur, Sialkot, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Gujranwala, and the Jullundur Doab, where the Sikhs were spread out."''
#Aiyar, Swarna (2007). ''[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856409508723242 'August anarchy': The partition massacres in Punjab, 1947*]''. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 18 (sup001): 13–36. doi:10.1080/00856409508723242. ISSN 0085-6401.</ref> widespread brutality and counter-violence.<ref name="Nisid Hajari (June 30th, 2015).">Nisid Hajari (June 30th, 2015). ''[http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/did-sikhs-squads-participate-organised-attempt-cleanse-east-punjab-during-partition Did Sikh Squads Participate In An Organised Attempt To Cleanse East Punjab During Partition?]''. Caravan Magazine. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181014023800/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/did-sikhs-squads-participate-organised-attempt-cleanse-east-punjab-during-partition WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved October 14th, 2018.</ref> Between 200,000—2,000,000 were killed; with 1,260,000 Muslims, and 840,000 Sikhs and Hindus, missing.<ref name="Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Khwaja, Atif Mian (August 30th, 2008).">Prashant Bharadwaj, Asim Khwaja, Atif Mian (August 30th, 2008). ''[http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/Big%20March%20EPW%20Publish08.pdf The Big March: Migratory Flows After The Partition Of India]''. p. 43 (pp. 39-pp. 49). Economic & Political Weekly. ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20180801153200/https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/Big%20March%20EPW%20Publish08.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved March 31st, 2016.</ref> Additionally 29,000—50,000 Muslim women were kidnapped<ref group="n.">
In addition a large number of Muslim women, 50,000, were also abducted by Sikhs and Hindu men (Pg. 139). However by December 1948 at least 12,000 Muslim women had been recovered and brought back safely to their families in Pakistan through governmental intervention (specifically with the signing of the Inter-Dominion Agreement). Between April 1951 to January 1952 an additional 1,703 Muslim women were rescued. (Pg. 146).
#Taisha Abraham (2002). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cm4PBNdaFjYC&pg=PA131&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O36OU5buMsa3O7T-gZAM&ved=0CGUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947&f=false Women and the Politics of Violence]''. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-81-241-0847-5.

According to Peter Gatrell between 1947 and 1956 22,000 Muslim women had been rescued, and any who had been taken by Muslims had converted over to the faith of Islam, abandoning Hinduism and "by all accounts making a reasonable life" for themselves. Some even settled happily in Pakistan, and few went back to India. This is likely explained by the fact that Hinduism regards women as inferior religiously and women to this day are treated horrendously in Hindu-dominated India.

#Peter Gatrell (12 September 2013). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UAkarK3gLDgC&pg=PA168&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947+recovered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sJGOU4GPD8TkPNKlgOgE&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947%20recovered&f=false The Making of the Modern Refugee]''. Oxford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-19-967416-7.

According to Sukehsi Karma, 16,545 Muslim women and children were rescued from India, between December 6, 1947 and March 31, 1952. 

#Sukeshi Kamra (January 2002). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Td6TRRMBFVUC&pg=PA316&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947+recovered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sJGOU4GPD8TkPNKlgOgE&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947%20recovered&f=false Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj]''. University of Calgary Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-55238-041-3.

"M.A. Khan", Anti-Muslim author, who claims he is a "former Muslim", in his book "Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery" fraudulently litotes (that is the opposite of hyperbolizing Muslim suffering; which itself is a gross exaggeration of words) claims that there were "some" incidences of "kidnapping of Muslim women", but refuses to give figures or indeed verifiable referenced figures, and then again blatantly litotes claiming "authorities, who tried their best to protect Muslims, recovered most of the kidnapped Muslim women and returned them to most of their famillies". This latter statement is in direct contradiction to data that show only 24% of Muslim women were ever returned to their Muslim families, as evidenced above with Oxford University publication and study by Peter Gatrell.

#M. A. Khan (1 January 2009). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uHNddAz5cfAC&pg=PA238&dq=%22Muslim+women%22+partition+1947+recovered&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sJGOU4GPD8TkPNKlgOgE&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Muslim%20women%22%20partition%201947%20recovered&f=false Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery]''. iUniverse. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4401-1846-3.
</ref>—taken as sex-slave brides to be raped (only 20,728 were ever rescued<ref name="MenonBhasin1998">Ritu Menon; Kamla Bhasin (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yNN4SE7cL60C&pg=PA99&dq=muslim+hindu+women+recovered+1947+riots&hl=en#v=onepage&q=muslim%20hindu%20women%20recovered%201947%20riots&f=false Borders & Boundaries: Women in India's Partition]''. Rutgers University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8135-2552-5.</ref>). Muslims retaliated by taking 33,000 of theirs.<ref group="n.">*According to other sources, it is claimed that up to 125,000 Hindu and Sikh women were taken to Pakistan.
Quote: "In 1950, Menon and Bhasin write, the “official estimate” for numbers of abducted women stood at 50,000 Muslims in India and 33,000 Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan. But rehabilitation workers place these figures higher. Mridula Sarabhai, they write, a director of rehabilitation projects for abducted women, believed that as many as 125,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted in Pakistan."
#Meera Patel (June 26th, 2013). ''[http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/rape-accounts-still-surface-from-indias-partition-65-years-on Rape accounts still surface from India’s partition 65 years on]''. Women Under Siege Project. Retrieved March 31st, 2016.
*''[http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/04/16/calgary-stabbings-university_n_5158024.html Calgary Stabbings: How Knife Crime In Canada Can Cause 'Moral Panic']''. April 16th, 2014. Huffington Post. Retrieved March 31st, 2016.</ref> In Kashmir 237,000—250,000 Muslims suffered a one-sided mass genocide at the hands of Hindus and Sikhs<ref name="Saeed Naqvi (July 10th, 2016).">Saeed Naqvi (July 10th, 2016). ''[https://scroll.in/article/811468/the-killing-fields-of-jammu-when-it-was-muslims-who-were-eliminated The killing fields of Jammu: How Muslims become a minority in the region]''. Scroll.in. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190811161017/https://scroll.in/article/811468/the-killing-fields-of-jammu-when-it-was-muslims-who-were-eliminated WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved August 11th, 2019.</ref> (fortunately, 60% of Kashmir was liberated by Pakistan in 1948;<ref name="Riedel2013">Bruce O. Riedel (29 January 2013). ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cAPRr-zLvEgC&pg=PA49&dq=avoiding+armageddon+bruce+1,500+kashmir&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GCEFVJiFPMjR7AbllYHYCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=avoiding%20armageddon%20bruce%201%2C500%20kashmir&f=false Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back]''. Brookings Institution Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8157-2409-8.</ref> however 20% of it was ceded to China in 1962<ref name="Riedel2013"/><ref name="Synnott2012">Hilary Synnott (6 December 2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5CXvFY6tBcoC&pg=PA149&dq=pakistan+%22ceded%22+china+%22alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMqsn84vbjAhX6SRUIHWZ1BAsQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20%22ceded%22%20china%20%22alliance%22&f=false Transforming Pakistan: Ways Out of Instability]''. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-135-87295-3.</ref> in order to cement an alliance between the two<ref name="Synnott2012"/><ref name="Cohen2008">Saul Bernard Cohen (17 July 2008). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WRAfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333&dq=pakistan+%22ceded%22+china+%22alliance%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMqsn84vbjAhX6SRUIHWZ1BAsQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20%22ceded%22%20china%20%22alliance%22&f=false Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations]''. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-7425-8154-8.</ref>). Prior to the eruption of this mass violence, the Sikhs did have the choice to join Pakistan but refused claiming that the Muslims would ''"oppress them"'' (thus siding with the Hindus—planning their massacres as early as 1940<ref name="Ikram1995">S.M. Ikram (1995). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&pg=PA425&dq=aurangzeb+not+a+proper+muslim&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=jathas&f=false Indian Muslims and Partition of India]''. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 425. ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6.</ref>).<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012).">Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> Ironically however, the Sikhs would actually end up being oppressed by Hindus in India, and still are to this day.<ref name="Nikita Azad (November 2015).">Nikita Azad (November 2015). ''[https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2015/11/punjab-politics-khalistan/ The Sikhs Continue To Be Oppressed, But Is Khalistan The Solution To Counter This?]''. Youth Ki Awaaz. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170810164441/https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2015/11/punjab-politics-khalistan/ WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved August 10th, 2019.</ref><ref name="Lerner1992">Michael Lerner (1 March 1992). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bcPjAAAAMAAJ&q=sikhs+are+oppressed+in+india&dq=sikhs+are+oppressed+in+india&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiozJXo8vbjAhWmUxUIHXSyBSIQ6AEIKjAA Tikkun: to heal, repair, and transform the world: an anthology]''. Tikkun Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-935933-04-8.</ref><ref name="MacchiwareDaJungle (30 September 2016).">MacchiwareDaJungle (30 September 2016). ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2_Viws3Ang FINAL ASSAULT | Punjabi Documentary Film | Save Punjab Waters (1:00:00)]''. YouTube. ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk0zzS-ZU38 Another Copy From Another YouTube Channel]''. Retrieved August 10th, 2019.</ref>
</div>

[[File:Sikh distribution.jpg|1100px|thumb|center|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">The distribution of Sikhs in united Punjab.<ref name="brass">Brass, Paul R. (2003). ''"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520305657 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1]"''. Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. ISSN 1462-3528.</ref></div>]]
<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;"> This then begs the question; why were the Sikhs so violent towards Muslims in particular, and not Hindus? The shear brutality experienced by both Kashmir and the Punjab at the hands of the Sikhs can chiefly be attributed to Sikh political instability;<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012)."/> their goals, behaviours and aims were based entirely on greed<ref group="n.">The fact that the Sikhs were the ones who triggered the mass violence that followed after the declaration of Pakistan on August 14th, 1947 was confirmed by the American historian Paul R. Brass (1936—Present), when he interviewed the Sikh leader at the time of partition who admitted to his role in initiating the violence.
::'''Quote:''' ''"In February 1967, however, Master Tara Singh, whom I interviewed then and who was the principal political leader of the Sikh community 20 years earlier, said to me in words I have never forgotten: “We took the decision to turn the Muslims out.” By this, he meant the decision to attack violently the Muslim population in East Punjab to force them to migrate west so that the entire Sikh population in West Punjab would be able to migrate east to replace them and take their lands and property in exchange for what they would lose in the west"''.
#Brass, Paul R. (2003). ''"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623520305657 The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1]"''. Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. ISSN 1462-3528.</ref> and historical animosity rather than reason, resulting in the Sikh leadership behaving grossly incompetently when it came to matters of negotiation (for instance they repeatedly instigated fears amongst themselves of the Mughal Empires (1526—1858<ref name="Chandra2007">Anjana Motihar Chandra (2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=of7t-odF0t4C&pg=PA49&dq=Mughal+Empire+1526-1858&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn9KXE0PvjAhU8UBUIHUzVDfEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Mughal%20Empire%201526-1858&f=false India Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture]''. Marshall Cavendish. p. 49. ISBN 978-981-261-350-9.</ref>) ''"[[Why do Some Sikh's Hate Muslims? The Rebellion of 1606.|atrocities]]"'' against them that had allegedly occurred centuries prior, and then applied this against their fellow ethnic Punjabis who just happened to be Muslims—as if the latter would somehow ''"eliminate them and Sikhism from the earth"'' in an independent Muslim homeland).<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012)."/> The Sikhs were also heavily influenced by the ''"Hindu Congress Party"'' (1885—Present<ref name="MasonMason1997">Michael G. Mason; Mike Mason (1997). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q3A6bxu7S8MC&pg=PA253&dq=Hindu+Congress+Party+1885+founded&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBjcKB0fvjAhW0SEEAHakVDe0Q6AEILDAA#v=onepage&q=Hindu%20Congress%20Party%201885%20founded&f=false Development and Disorder: A History of the Third World Since 1945]''. UPNE. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-87451-829-0.</ref>) who courted their allegiance by pandering to them and using a policy of appeasement to trick them into siding with them (for instance by making an empty promise in 1929 of forming a homeland for them—''"the glow of freedom"'' as the Indian side put it<ref name="Shani2007">Giorgio Shani (6 December 2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA43&dq=Nehru+%22glow+of+freedom%22+sikh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj80qmq4fvjAhWcXRUIHX8iDjwQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Nehru%20%22glow%20of%20freedom%22%20sikh&f=false Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age]''. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-134-10189-4.</ref>—after India gained independence; assumed by the Sikh leadership to mean an ''"ethnically cleansed"'' East Punjab<ref group="n.">The Sikhs were already thinking of ethnically cleansing Punjab as early as 1929, when the Indians hinted at giving the Sikhs their own homeland. It turned out, that after partition, the Indians never meant any such thing, and the Sikhs had just assumed this on their own.

::Quote: ''"In 1929, in the face of Akali [Sikh] opposition to the Nehru report, Congress had passed a resolution assuring 'the Sikhs, Muslims, and other minorities that no solution thereof in any future constitution will be acceptable to the Congress that does not give full satisfaction to the parties concerned...In return for remaining within India, the Sikhs were promised by Nehru that they too could 'experience the glow of freedom'...Although what this promise entailed was never specified, the Sikh leadership took this to mean a 'homeland' within independent, federal India once the Sikh community had 'regrouped'...in an East Punjab 'ethnically cleansed' of Muslims".''

This was seen by Sikhs as the Indians having reneged on their promise;

'''Quote:''' ''"Second, by refusing to organise state boundaries on the basis of religious identities, Nehru and the nationalist movement had reneged on their alleged 'promise' to the pre-independence Sikh leadership..."''.

#Giorgio Shani (6 December 2007). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC&pg=PA43&dq=Nehru+%22glow+of+freedom%22+sikh&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj80qmq4fvjAhWcXRUIHX8iDjwQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Nehru%20%22glow%20of%20freedom%22%20sikh&f=false Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age]''. Routledge. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-134-10189-4.</ref>). Thus, when it actually came to negotiating with Muslims (and even the British) the Sikhs outright ignored these stakeholders.<ref group="n.">
'''Quote:''' ''"The Sikhs erroneously depended on the British Governor of Punjab and the Viceroy, particularly in the last decade of the British raj, who advised them again and again to negotiate with either party to bargain on their strength in the Punjab. No party, whether the League or the Congress, could neglect them in the political sphere but they kept on approaching the Governor and Viceroy with requests to ‘do something for the Sikhs.’ The clear picture of the political developments could be dealt with frequent discussions with the League and the Congress which were the direct stakeholders but the Sikh dependence on the goodwill of the British was surprising at this critical juncture. They kept on moving such requests to Lord Mountbatten who conveyed the same to Jawaharlal Nehru who turned them down on some specific reasons.34 Ignoring the real stakeholders and continual pursuance of the British could not produce any useful solution for the Sikhs and ultimately they had to endure the catastrophe."''
#Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> They refused to accept any offers, concessions, bargains or advice made to them. This ultimately backfired on the Sikhs as they were then ignored themselves; their policy of ''"bluster and agitation"'' failed, as the other parties became fed up with them,<ref group="n.">Indeed, the Sikhs virtually fought with everyone, including the side that was negotiating India's independence (a side they were already on).
::'''Quote:''' ''"They intermittently got into conflict not only with the League but also with the British, Congress and the Unionists. They launched a war on all fronts at this crucial time"''. 
#Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> who were instead using constitutional negotiation in order to reach an agreement. The end result was the Sikhs lashing out.<ref name="Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012).">Akhtar Hussain Sandhu (2012). ''[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf Sikh Failure on the Partition of Punjab in 1947]''. Journal of Punjab Studies. Volume: 19 Issue. No: 2. University of Gujrat, Pakistan. p. 215-232. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072944/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/52a9/55acd9703ec90be7a6969333401a1614c225.pdf WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref>
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[[File:Muslimdistribution.jpg|1200px|thumb|center|<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%; font-size:80%;">Distribution of Muslims in united Punjab.<ref name="brass"/></div>]]
<div style="text-align:justify; word-spacing: -0.1em; letter-spacing: -0em; line-height:100%; width:100%;"> Ironically the fate of the Sikhs was predicted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876—1948) himself who warned them ''"that by joining Hindus, they would repent one day but it would be too late to revise their decision"''. Upon joining India, the Sikhs began demanding independence, and a mere three decades later the Sikh portion of the Punjab underwent a second partition in 1966,<ref name="Ciment2015">James Ciment (10 March 2015). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dv8TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&dq=second+split+of+punjab+1966&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwit3or_vKvfAhVeShUIHbG4BUIQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=second%20split%20of%20punjab%201966&f=false World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era]''. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-45152-5.</ref> agitatating them further,<ref group="n.">Even though the Indian Punjab was further split in 1966 and gave the Sikhs a majority, repeated interference to intimidate the Sikhs further into submitting to Hindu rule was launched by the government of India between 1966 and 1983, just before the Sikh insurgency erupted.
#USA International Business Publications (May 2001). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bgGCCP5Fxg0C&pg=PA82&dq=punjabi+insurgency+1966&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFx5iBv6vfAhXysHEKHYQRAJsQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20insurgency%201966&f=false India: Foreign Policy & Government Guide]''. Int'l Business Publications. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7397-8298-9.
#W. H. McLeod (24 July 2009). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA163&dq=punjab+partition+1966+agitated&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGycabvqvfAhVsQRUIHXCSDhkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=punjab%20partition%201966%20agitated&f=false The A to Z of Sikhism]''. Scarecrow Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.</ref> eventually resulting in an insurgency (causing the deaths of 20,000<ref name="Telford, Hamish (2001).">Telford, Hamish (2001). ''[https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4293/4888 Counter-Insurgency in India: Observations from Punjab and Kashmir]''. Journal of Conflict Studies. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181219075859/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4293/4888 WayBackMachine Link]''. ISSN 1715-5673.</ref><ref name="Clodfelter2017"> Micheal Clodfelter (24 April 2017). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA608&dq=Sikh+riots+30,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV5qrWtqvfAhVhu3EKHVEtDgkQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Sikh%20riots%2030%2C000&f=false Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed]''. McFarland. p. 608. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0.</ref>—250,000 Sikhs<ref name="Congress1874">United States. Congress (1874; September 15th, 2004). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IxQjiH6EeOIC&pg=PA18640&dq=Musharraf+%22250,000%22+Sikhs+had+been+killed+by+India+since+1984&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWkL6GtKvfAhWoSRUIHZ-VCzMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Musharraf%20%22250%2C000%22%20Sikhs%20had%20been%20killed%20by%20India%20since%201984&f=false Congressional Record]''. Government Printing Office. Volumes 1-53. p. 18640. GGKEY:4U9KL5RCJHZ.</ref><ref group="n.">Other sources claim that the number is difficult to quantify with an estimation put between 30,000—80,000.
#Allon Gal; Athena S. Leoussi; Anthony David Smith (2010). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WyFp2PhRtpAC&pg=PA241&dq=Sikh+riots+30,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV5qrWtqvfAhVhu3EKHVEtDgkQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Sikh%20riots%2030%2C000&f=false The Call of the Homeland: Diaspora Nationalisms, Past and Present]''. BRILL. p. 241. ISBN 90-04-18210-1.</ref> and a small genocide against them by Hindus (3,000<ref name="SinghTatla2006">Gurharpal Singh; Darsham Singh Tatla (3 October 2006). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=d5O0bZmta-QC&pg=PA106&dq=Sikh+riots+3,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwivwLvRtqvfAhUTuHEKHcRvD68Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Sikh%20riots%203%2C000&f=false Sikhs in Britain: The Making of a Community]''. Zed Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-84277-717-6.</ref>—17,000 dead<ref name="Bartrop2012">Paul Robert Bartrop (2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BleF7tl_rbUC&pg=PA318&dq=Anti-Sikh+riots+17,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLirehuKvfAhWRSxUIHRSEBZ0Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=Anti-Sikh%20riots%2017%2C000&f=false A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-313-38678-7.</ref><ref group="n.">The Indian government maintains only 2,700 Sikhs died during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
#Paul Robert Bartrop (2012). ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BleF7tl_rbUC&pg=PA318&dq=Anti-Sikh+riots+17,000&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLirehuKvfAhWRSxUIHRSEBZ0Q6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=Anti-Sikh%20riots%2017%2C000&f=false A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good]''. ABC-CLIO. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-313-38678-7.</ref>) as well as the widespread flood of hard drugs across this ''"breadbasket of India"''.<ref name="Pal, Rajan (2017).">Pal, Rajan (2017). ''[https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/53029 Political economy of drugs and insurgency: the case of Punjab]''. Dudley Knox Library. Naval Post Graduate School. Retrieved December 19th, 2018.</ref> The entirity of the Indian Punjab has a population of 27.98 million people,<ref name="Aditi Gyanesh (March 28th, 2015).">Aditi Gyanesh (March 28th, 2015). ''[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Even-NGOs-can-work-on-palliative-care-for-terminally-ill-patients/articleshow/46721665.cms Even NGOs can work on palliative care for terminally ill patients]''. Times of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214073403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Even-NGOs-can-work-on-palliative-care-for-terminally-ill-patients/articleshow/46721665.cms? WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> spread across 5.51 million households.<ref name="households">''[https://knoema.com/atlas/India/Punjab/Number-of-households Punjab - Number of households]''. 2011. Knoema. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214073938/https://knoema.com/atlas/India/Punjab/Number-of-households WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> As of 2017, at least 65.5% of Sikhs abuse drugs or alcohol; broken down by category, 41.8% are addicted to alcohol, 21.3% addicted to tobacco, 20.8% addicted to heroin, and non-alcohol and non-tobacco based drugs at 34.8%.<ref name="SharmaArora2017">Sharma, Bhuwan; Arora, Anjali; Singh, Kanwaljit; Singh, Harinder; Kaur, Prabhjot (2017). ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5787955/ Drug abuse: Uncovering the burden in rural Punjab]''. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 6 (3): 558. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.222037. ISSN 2249-4863.</ref> Additionally, other sources state that two-thirds of Indian Punjabs households have at least one addict per family.<ref name="bbcdrugsikh">''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38824478 Why has India's Punjab fallen into the grip of drug abuse?]''. February 2nd, 2017. BBC News. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214063648/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-38824478 WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Some 860,000 men between the ages of 15 and 35 take some form of drugs.<ref name="bbcdrugsikh"/> Drugs such as opium and crystal methamphetamine are common.<ref name="bbcdrugsikh"/> LSD is often sold at prices between ₹2,000—₹10,000 rupees per dose ($27.88—$139.38 dollars as of December 14th, 2018).<ref name="101reporters (June 2016).">101reporters (June 2016). ''[https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/06/bengaluru-drug-abuse-problem/ With Addicts As Young As 11, How Bengaluru Became South India’s ‘Drug Capital’]''. Youth Ki Awaaz. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065310/https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/06/bengaluru-drug-abuse-problem/ WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Harder drugs such as opium cost between ₹300—₹400 rupees per day ($4.18—$5.58 dollars), whereas Heroin, Alprazone and sedating drugs cost between ₹1,200—₹2,000 rupees per day ($16.73—$27.88 dollars).<ref name="Dev Ankur Wadhawan (December 17th, 2016).">Dev Ankur Wadhawan (December 17th, 2016). ''[https://www.dailyo.in/variety/narcotics-drugs-rajasthan-bikaner-punjab-udta-punjab-afghanistan-pakistan-jaisalmer-opium-heroin/story/1/14595.html Why is no one talking about Udta Rajasthan?]''. Daily O. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065811/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/narcotics-drugs-rajasthan-bikaner-punjab-udta-punjab-afghanistan-pakistan-jaisalmer-opium-heroin/story/1/14595.html WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Other sources have said that heroin alone costs ₹4,000—₹6,000 rupees daily ($55.75—$83.63 dollars).<ref name="heroin40006000">''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-46218646 Punjab's drug menace: 'I wanted my son to die]''. November 23rd, 2018. BBC News. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20181214071233/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-46218646 WayBackMachine Link]''. Retrieved December 14th, 2018.</ref> Thus, costing an addict $20,348.75—$30,524.95 annually to buy heroin.
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==Sources==
===Footnotes===
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==External Links==